2D Game Programming in C Tutorial Snake

The purpose of this tutorial is to teach 2D game programming and C-language through examples. The author used to program games in the mid-1980s and was a game designer at MicroProse for a year in the 90s. Although much of that is not relevant to the programming of todays big 3D games, for small casual games it will serve as a useful introduction. Implementing Snake Games like snake where objects are moving over a 2D field can represent the game objects either in a 2D grid or as a single dimension array of objects. Object here meaning any game object, not an object as used in object-oriented programming. Game Controls The keys are move with Wup, A left, Sdown, Dright. Press Esc to quit the game, f to toggle frame rate (this isnt synchronized to the display so can be fast), tab key to toggle debug info and p to pause it. When its paused the caption changes and the snake flashes, In snake the main game objects are The snakeTraps and fruit For purposes of gameplay, an array of ints will hold every game object (or part for the snake). This can also help when rendering the objects into the screen buffer. Ive designed the graphics for the game as follows: Horizontal Snake Body - 0Vertical Snake Body - 1Head in 4 x 90-degree rotations 2-5Tail in 4 x 90-degree rotations 6-9Curves for Directions Change. 10-13Apple - 14Strawberry - 15Banana - 16Trap - 17View the snake graphics file snake.gif So, it makes sense to use these values in a grid type defined as block[WIDTH*HEIGHT]. As there are only 256 locations in the grid Ive chosen to store it in a single dimension array. Each coordinate on the 16 x16 grid is an integer 0-255. Weve used ints so you could make the grid bigger. Everything is defined by #defines with WIDTH and HEIGHT both 16. As the snake graphics are 48 x 48 pixels (GRWIDTH and GRHEIGHT #defines) the window is initially defined as 17 x GRWIDTH and 17 x GRHEIGHT to be just slightly bigger than the grid. This has benefits in game speed as using two indexes is always slower than one but it means instead of adding or subtracting 1 from the snakes Y coordinates to move vertically, you subtract WIDTH. Add 1 to move right. However being sneaky weve also defined a macro l(x,y) which converts the x and y coordinates at compile time. What Is a Macro? #define l(X,Y)(Y*WIDTH)X The first row is index 0-15, the 2nd 16-31 etc. If the snake is in the first column and moving left then the check to hit the wall, before moving left, must check if coordinate %WIDTH 0 and for the right wall coordinate %WIDTH WIDTH-1. The % is the C modulus operator (like clock arithmetic) and returns the remainder after division. 31 div 16 leaves a remainder of 15. Managing the Snake There are three blocks (int arrays) used in the game. snake[], a ring buffershape[] - Holds Snake graphic indexesdir[] - Holds the direction of every segment in the snake including head and tail. At the game start, the snake is two segments long with a head and a tail. Both can point in 4 directions. For north the head is index 3, the tail is 7, for the east head is 4, the tail is 8, for the south head is 5 and the tail is 9, and for the west, the head is 6 and tail is 10. While the snake is two segments long the head and tail are always 180 degrees apart, but after the snake grows they can be 90 or 270 degrees. The game starts with the head facing north at location 120 and the tail facing south at 136, roughly central. At a slight cost of some 1,600 bytes of storage, we can gain a discernible speed improvement in the game by holding the snakes locations in the snake[] ring buffer mentioned above. What Is a Ring Buffer? A ring buffer is a block of memory used for storing a queue that is a fixed size and must be big enough to hold all data. In this case, its just for the snake. The data is pushed on the front of the queue and taken off the back. If the front of the queue hits the end of the block, then it wraps around. So long as the block is big enough, the front of the queue will never catch up with the back. Every location of the snake (i.e., the single int coordinate) from the tail to the head (i.e., backwards) is stored in the ring buffer. This gives speed benefits because no matter how long the snake gets, only the head, tail and the first segment after the head (if it exists) need to be changed as it moves. Storing it backwards is also beneficial because when the snake gets food, the snake will grow when its next moved. This is done by moving the head one location in the ring buffer and changing the old head location to become a segment. The snake is made up of a head, 0-n segments), and then a tail. When the snake eats food, the atefood variable is set to 1 and checked in the function DoSnakeMove() Moving the Snake We use two index variables, headindex and tailindex to point to the head and tail locations in the ring buffer. These start at 1 (headindex) and 0. So location 1 in the ring buffer holds the location (0-255) of the snake on the board. Location 0 holds the tail location. When the snake moves one location forward, both the tailindex and headindex are incremented by one, wrapping round to 0 when they reach 256. So now the location that was the head is where the tail is. Even with a very long snake that is winding and convoluted in say 200 segments. only the headindex, segment next to the head and tailindex change each time it moves. Note because of the way SDL works, we have to draw the entire snake every frame. Every element is drawn into the frame buffer then flipped so its displayed. This has one advantage though in that we could draw the snake smoothly moving a few pixels, not an entire grid position.

Analysis Of Harvey Specter s Story Of Suits - 1434 Words

Suits: Main Characters: Harvey Specter (Gabriel Macht) Harvey is a newly promoted senior partner at the New York law firm Pearson Hardman, and is known as one of the city s top litigators. Mike Ross (Patrick J. Adams) Mike is a lawyer with an eidetic memory who never attended law school. Louis Litt (Rick Hoffman) Louis is a junior partner at Pearson Hardman who is the firm s leading authority and expert on all financial matters and the direct supervisor of the firm s associate attorneys. Rachel Zane (Meghan Markle) Rachel is a paralegal who also works at Pearson Hardman. Donna Paulsen (Sarah Rafferty) Donna is Harvey Specter s legal secretary. She has worked with him since his first year as an Assistant District Attorney, and joined†¦show more content†¦How Management and Leadership plays a role in the series: First of all what is leadership and management? According to Team Technology 2017: Leadership is setting a new direction or vision for a group that they follow, i.e.: a leader is the spearhead for that new direction. Management controls or directs people/resources in a group according to principles or values that have been established. An example of management and leadership in the series would be in season 1 episode 3 where Harvey wishes to expel the CEO of Mckernon Motors who wishes to sell his company in order to move overseas for a better, cheaper operation. Harvey’s client, who is the top engineer of this company will be negatively affected by this decision as well as Harvey’s firm in the long run. Having this business deal could decrease harveys firms income and do damage to their business growth. Harvey instructs Michel to investigate in Mckernon motors files to spot anything that could expel their current CEO. Michel finds a document that could both expel the current CEO and appoint the top engineer as the company’s new CEO which puts things in Harvey favour. In the end Harvey and Michel succeed to in expelling the old CEO. By having done this Harvey helps to double the firm’s growth and profits in the long run. In Harvey’s words to his management partner, Jessica: â€Å" I did it for the firm.† Shows a good example in leadership where Harvey saw whatShow MoreRelatedMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesfollowing classification of cases by subject matter to be helpful. I thank those of you who made this and other suggestions. Classification of Cases by Major Marketing Topics Topics Most Relevant Cases Marketing Research and Consumer Analysis Coca-Cola, Disney, McDonald’s, Google, Starbucks Product Starbucks, Nike, Coke/Pepsi, McDonald’s, Maytag, Dell, Hewlett-Packard, Newell Rubbermaid, DaimlerChrysler, Kmart/Sears, Harley-Davidson, Boeing/Airbus, Merck, Boston Beer, Firestone/FordRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesby Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds

Biography of and Principles Taught By Niccolo Machiavelli...

Machiavelli Essay: Question 1 Born in the 15th century, Niccolà ² Machiavelli was an Italian historian, politician, philosopher, diplomat and humanist. Following his career as an official in the Florentine Republic, Machiavelli was a founder of modern political science and political ethics. In the political treatise The Prince, written in 1532, Machiavelli outlines several key traits of a successful princedom such as; how to incorporate newly acquired provinces, the most successful way to conquer territories, the establishment of successful defense and military forces, as well as qualities which would make for the most desirable prince. Machiavelli also brings to attention the pitfalls of previous Italian princes as to prevent the same†¦show more content†¦The increase on virtue shifted the public’s attitude away from chance and towards ambition and risk taking. Machiavelli outlines several steps that princes can take in order to create a successful principality. When analyzing the success of principalities, a balance of state interests with those of the individual’s must exist. The original moral basis for princely rule focused on domination and forced subjection, whereas the new basis suggesting the gain of citizen support as well as appearance of generosity and the ability to balance cruelty and mercy. The observation that a change is necessary can be seen through the lines, â€Å"He who abandons what is done for what ought to be done, will rather learn to bring his own ruin than his preservation† (Machiavelli 56). Machiavelli believed that the rulers of Italy had lost their states as a result of ignoring the political and military principles he believed attributes to a successful ruler. Throughout The Prince Machiavelli outlines and offers advice to future rulers with the hopes that they will improve themselves and thus improve the society as a whole as shown in the quote, â€Å"Whoever considers the past and the present will readily observe that all cities and all people are end ever have been animated by the same desires and the same passions;† (Machiavelli 216). Several of the pieces of advice Machiavelli offers include: It is betterShow MoreRelatedEssay about Niccolo Machiavelli1653 Words   |  7 Pages According to legend, just before his death, Niccolo Machiavelli told his friends that had remained faithful to him up until the very end about a dream he had had. In his dream, he had seen a group of peasants, wretched and decrepit in appearance. He asked them who they were. They replied, ‘We are the saintly and the blessed; we are on our way to heaven.’ Then he saw a crowd of formally attired men, aristocratic and grim in appearance, speak ing solemnly of important political matters. Again, heRead MoreThe Life And Importance Of Machiavelli Essay1367 Words   |  6 PagesLife and Importance of Machiavelli â€Å"There are three kinds of intelligence: one kind understands things for itself, the other appreciates what others can understand, the third understands neither for itself nor through others. This first kind is excellent, the second good, and the third kind useless† (Niccolà ² Quotes). Niccolà ² Machiavelli was one of the greatest influences on our world today. His research and philosophies explored new strategies and ways of thinking. Machiavelli was before his own timeRead MoreThe Evolution of the Hero1960 Words   |  8 Pagesmissionaries and priests preparing for salvation. The Renaissance challenged this bleak vision. Part of the challenge came from 14th century Italy s rediscovery of the classical literature of ancient Greece and Rome. The histories of Tacitus, the biographies of Plutarch, but above all the letters and speeches of the orator Cicero opened the classical world anew. What they all emphasized was man s capacity for greatness.   It was the Italian poet Francesco Petrarca, known as Petrarch, who usheredRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesgravity or to be confident about sending astronauts into space to repair satellites. But as a noted behavioral researcher observed, â€Å"God gave all the easy problems to the physicists.† Human beings are complex, and few, if any, simple and universal principles explain organizational behavior. Because we are not alike, our ability to make simple, accurate, and sweeping generalizations is limited. Challenges and Opportunities for OB 15 Two people often act very differently in the same situation

Pantheon A Masterpiece of Roman Architecture - 725 Words

Il Pantheon (Pantheon) â€Å"pan† means all, â€Å"theon† means God. It is a preserved intact Roman Empire building, located in the centre of Rome, Italy. It was built in 27-25 BC by Marcus Agrippa, and Emperor Hadrian rebuilt it in 125 AD. Pantheon is a masterpiece of Roman architecture; it was a unique building that combined two different styles. Michelangelo praised it as an angel design. It becomes the object of learning of Italian architects during Renaissance. Besides, many famous artists such as Raphael were buried here, but also the kings like Vittorio Emanuele II and Umberto I. In 609 AD, Byzantine Emperor dedicated Pantheon to Pope Boniface IV; the Pope renamed it as Santa Maria ad Martyrs, which is the official name of the Pantheon today. Nowadays, Pantheon is still used as a Catholic church; the people will celebrate the Mass and wedding there. It is also a world-famous tourist attraction. B a. Holly Hayes discovered that Pantheon was built by Octavians lieutenant Agrippa about 27 BC in order to commemorate Octavian defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra in the Battle of Actium. Pantheon was used as a temple to worship the gods of Olympia Mountains during that period but this original temple was destroyed by fire in AD 80. It only left a rectangular portico and 16 12.5-meter-high granite columns, which was later rebuilt as part of the pantheon porch. In AD 125 years, the Roman Emperor Hadrian rebuilt the building. Hadrian was not only a wise emperor, he also an architectShow MoreRelatedPantheon and Hagia Sophia863 Words   |  4 PagesPantheon and Hagia Sophia Pantheon and Hagia Sophia are two extremely outstanding architectural pieces of their times. They have been built according to the traditions of those particular times. 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Contents 1. Introduction 2. What Is Business Ethics 3. The 10 Benefit Essay Example For Students

Contents 1. Introduction 2. What Is Business Ethics? 3. The 10 Benefit Essay s of Business Ethics 4. Case Study on Nestle 4.1. The Impact of Business Ethics on Nestle 4.2. Nestles view on Business Ethics 4.3. The Implications of Business Ethics on Stakeholders 5. Conclusion Introduction Businesses have power through their ability to spend vast amounts of money. They have the ability to enhance or change situations that the common individual does not. As organisations affect many people, they have obligations to their employees, consumers, community and the world. They have a responsibility to conduct business in a way that is not harmful and which positively benefits as many people as possible and themselves. Although this sounds simple, it is easier said than done! as there will always be a conflict of interest between various groups of people. Any decisions made by businesses need to be made with an informed awareness of the specific situation and then act according to some sort of system of principals which is Business Ethics. What is Business Ethics? Business ethics is exactly the same as normal ethics, and that is knowing what is right or wrong, and learning what is right and what is wrong in a business environment. Then doing the right thing, but the right thing is not as straightforward as explained in many business ethics books. Most ethical dilemmas in the workplace are not simply a matter of Should she steal from him? or Should he lie to his boss? Businesses cannot function without ethics, why? Society dictates a set of rules and conformities and seeing as all businesses strive after common goals it means that these goals can only be achieved on the basis of standards, values and morals in society. It can be assumed that business life has to be called moral as well. As in society, standards and values are spontaneously formed once people come together and start behaving, likewise, business life becomes exactly the same and thats when morals come into effect, and when businesses decide on implicit or explicit ways to achieve certain goals and then are agreed on. Businesses in general are working on the basis of an ethics that settles different interests. The standards and values within companies can be characterised as mutual respect. In this respect it is in everyones interest, and is considering people as an end in themselves, not as a means, reciprocity and fairness. This ethics is passed down and filtered to a group of stakeholders who have an interest in the company. These parties usually are: personnel, customers, suppliers, subcontractors, shareholders, society and those who speak on behalf of the environment and future generations Many ethicists say theres always a right thing to do based on moral principle, and others believe the right thing to do depends on the situation, ultimately its up to the individual on what they do and on what they believe to be the right thing is. Sometimes the right thing is not necessarily the best thing to do. Many philosophers consider ethics to be the science of conduct. Twin Cities consultants Doug Wallace and John Pekel (of the Twin Cities-based Fulcrum Group) explain that ethics includes the fundamental ground rules by which we live our lives. Many professionals in ethics say that new ethical beliefs are state of the art legal matters, and that what becomes an ethical issue of today is then later made into a law. Values that say how we should behave are said to be moral values, values such as respect, honesty, fairness, responsibility, etc. Statements about how these values should be implemented are sometimes called moral or ethical principles. The concept of business ethics has been seen to mean various things to different people, but usually its knowing what is right or wrong in the workplace and doing whats right in regard to effects of products, services and relationships with stakeholders. Wallace and Pekel say that attention to business ethics is critical during times of fundamental change, times much like those faced now by businesses, both non-profit and for-profit. In times of fundamental change, values that were previously taken for granted are now strongly questioned. Many of these values are no longer followed. Therefore, there are no clear morals to guide todays leaders through difficult problems about what is right or wrong, just vague perceptions of what should and has already been done. A focal point on ethics in the workplace shows and alerts leaders and staff on how they should act. An attention to ethics in the workplaces helps ensure that when leaders and managers are struggling in times of crises and confusion, they retain a strong moral focus. However, attention to business ethics provides numerous other benefits, as well. Note that many people believe that business ethics, with its continuing focus on doing the right thing, only asserts the obvious be good, dont lie,, and so these people dont take business ethics seriously. For many people, these principles can go right out the door during times of stress. Business ethics can be a strong preventative medicine. 10 Benefits of Business Ethics These benefits were attained from http//: www.businessethics.com/index/benefits.htm Many people are used to reading or hearing of the moral benefits of attention to business ethics. However, there are other types of benefits, as well. The following list describes various types of benefits from managing ethics in the workplace. 1. Attention to business ethics has substantially improved society. A matter of decades ago, children in our country worked 16-hour days. Workers limbs were torn off and disabled workers were condemned to poverty and often to starvation. Trusts controlled some markets to the extent that prices were fixed and small businesses choked out. Price fixing crippled normal market forces. Employees were terminated based on personalities. Influence was applied through intimidation and harassment. Then society reacted and demanded that businesses place high value on fairness and equal rights. Anti-trust laws were instituted. Government agencies were established. Unions were organised. Laws and regulations were established. 2. Ethics programs help maintain a moral course in turbulent times. As noted earlier in this document, Wallace and Pekel explain that attention to business ethics is critical during times of fundamental change times much like those faced now by businesses, both non-profit and for-profit. During times of change, there is often no clear moral compass to guide leaders through complex conflicts about what is right or wrong. Continuing attention to ethics in the workplace sensitises leaders and staff to how they want to act. 3. Ethics programs cultivate strong teamwork and productivity. Ethics programs align employee behaviours with those top priority ethical values preferred by leaders of the organisation. Usually, an organisation finds surprising disparity between its preferred values and the values actually reflected by behaviours in the workplace. Ongoing attention and dialogue regarding values in the workplace builds openness, integrity and community critical ingredients of strong teams in the workplace. Employees feel strong alignment between their values and those of the organisation. They react with strong motivation and performance. 4. Ethics programs support employee growth and meaning. Attention to ethics in the workplace helps employees face reality, both good and bad, in the organisation and themselves. Employees feel full confidence they can admit and deal with whatever comes their way. Bennett, in his article Unethical Behaviour, Stress Appear Linked (Wall Street Journal, April 11, 1991, p. Galileo (882 words) Essay This trust comes from a quality image that has been built up for over a century. Nestl? carries out its global social responsibility, firstly, by taking a long term approach to strategic decision making which recognises the interests of our consumers, shareholders, business partners, and the world-wide economies in which we operate. Secondly, our responsibilities and values are reflected by the commitment of management and employees at all levels, to our Corporate Business Principles, which define standards of behaviour for all companies in the Nestl? Group, and are intended to complement applicable legislation and international recommendations. P. Brabeck-Letmathe Chief Executive Officer Nestl? S.A. Nestl? Corporate Business Principles From www.nestle. com Nestl? is committed to the following business principles in all countries. Taking into account local legislation, cultural and religious practice: Nestl?s business objective and that of management and employees at all levels, is to manufacture and market the companys products in such a way as to create value that can be sustained over the long term for consumers, shareholders, employees, business partners and the large number of national economies in which Nestl? operates. Nestl? does not favour short-term profit and at the expense of successful long term business development, but recognises the need to generate profit each year in order to maintain the support of the financial markets, and to finance investments. Nestl? believes that, as a general rule, legislation is the most effective safeguard of ethical conduct, although in certain areas, additional guidance to management and employees in the form of voluntary business principles is beneficial in order to ensure that the hig hest standards are met throughout the organisation. Nestl? is conscious of the fact that the success of a corporation is a reflection of the professionalism, conduct and ethical values of its management and employees, therefore recruitment of the right people, and ongoing training and development are crucial. Nestl? recognises that consumers have a legitimate interest in the company behind the Nestl? brands, and the way in which the Nestl? Company operates. The Impact of Business Ethics on Nestle As you can see nestles whole foundation is based around ethics. As Nestle is a global company they have to take in many factors when considering their ethical policy, and the fact that they are a global organisation, makes that process one step harder. Being a global company Nestle is affected by different laws around the globe. Nestles reputation is paramount to them so by having a strict code of ethics is to their advantage as consumer awareness is growing with each and every day. More and more people are becoming concerned and disturbed by moral issues surrounding companies, if a company does a certain action that consumers dislike, it can have drastic effects to revenues. Nestle have had first hand experience of the power of consumers, as not so long ago was involved in allegations that it was supplying unsafe addictive baby milk supplements to mothers in the 3rd world. This brought on an outrageous response from consumers all around the world, as this was seen to be immoral and totally unacceptable by such a large well-known and respected organisation as Nestle. As these allegations spread, it was devastating to Nestle as many retail outlets began to boycott Nestle by removing all Nestle products from the shelves. This boycott was done for several reasons by different outlets, the reason for this was because of consumers. If other companies were seen to be siding with Nestle, then that could conflict with their own ethical policies and consumers could be deterred by that fact. With the introduction and implementation of a strict and concise ethical policy, Nestle has seemed to redeem themselves by ensuring a good upstream communication. Nestle have also reached back into the good books by promoting their codes of ethics by various medias and making them readily available to the public. A list of Nestle ethics can be found on their web site, this list has covered everything from environmental issues to child labour, by doing this they have appealed to the moral issues facing everyday people and the emotions of its consumers. As Nestles ethics are so detailed and cover almost every aspect of moral dilemmas in various societies, Nestle now have the responsibility to live up to their word, and make sure that this policy does exactly what it says. The impact that this will have on them will be great, as it will be a fairly costly process to monitor all of these conditions globally. This would also have a positive effect in the respects of its consumers, as in this age the consumer market is more competitive than it ever was, and Nestle need to be seen as a consumer friendly organisation, sympathetic, moral and ethical. Consumers would see this as Nestle doing something beneficial and good for people. Implications of Business Ethics on Stakeholders The implications on stakeholders of Nestle is plain and simple, whatever Nestle do, so do they. What is meant by this is as follows; any actions that are taken upon Nestle than the stakeholders are doing these actions also, it can also be called, guilt by association. Any stakeholders also must abide by the ethics policies set out by Nestle, as guilt by association also functions the opposite way. Any actions deemed unethical or any unethical behaviour by either party can result in harm for the other, a classic lose-lose situation, therefore upstream communication is essential for these ethics policies to be adhered to. The impact on all stakeholders can be a great strain, as Nestle have a very thourough and comprehensive ethics policy, to conform to this could take a great deal of time, Conclusion What is Business Ethics? Plain and simple, ethics is the choice between right and wrong. BibliographyFrancis, David R. (1991, June). Prevent Trouble by Improving Ethics. Christian Science Monitor, p. 9. Fulcrum Consulting Group, 1093 Snelling Ave. South, Saint Paul, MN 55116. Phone 1-800-55-ETHIC. Gandz, J. Bird, F. G. (1989, Autumn). Designing Ethical Organizations. Business Quarterly, 54(2), 108-112. Genfan, H. (1987, November). Formalizing Business Ethics. Training and Development Journal, pp. 35-37. 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