The Life of Serial Killer, Theodore Robert Bundy Essay

On a chilly afternoon in late 1977, a young, newly-wed woman of 26 was dropped off at her Volkswagen Beetle by her sister-in-law. Her name was Gini McNair. She waved goodbye to her companion, unlocked the drivers door, and stepped into her vehicle. Sitting at the wheel, with the key in the ignition, she glanced around the deserted Boulder Canyon Road located outside of Boulder, Colorado. While waiting for her dusty red Volkswagen to warm up, she saw another one, light blue, heading down Sugarloaf Road towards her. When she glanced at the driver as he went past, he took the opportunity to look her over as well. With piercing eyes, Ted Bundy quickly examined Gini as he drove by her. When his eye caught hers, Gini immediately felt like†¦show more content†¦He was caught in Florida not long after she encountered him and was given the death sentence for the murders of many women from various states within the past five years. From that day forward, Gini always trusted that little voice in the back of her head. The voice that was present that very day when she escaped from one of the most famous serial killers of our time: Ted Bundy. __________background__________ Theodore Robert Bundy was born November 24th, 1946 in Burlington, Vermont. His mother, Louise Cowell, was twenty-one when she gave birth to him. The only thing that Ted knew about his father was that he was in the armed forces. Ted was raised to the age of four by his grandparents, who had his last name legally changed from Cowell to Nelson. Soon after, Louise moved with her son to Tacoma, Washington, a Puget Sound harbor and mill town. Louise met Johnnie Bundy, a thirty-year-old cook at the Madigan Army Hospital. Louise and Johnnie were married May 17, 1951. It was at that point when Ted took on the Bundy name (Larsen, R. W.). Louise and Johnnie had four children together: Linda, Glenn, Sandra and Richard (Larsen, R. W.). At the age of thirteen, Ted discovered pornographic magazines in a trash can behind a store. He was immediately interested and captivated by them. As time went on, he became more and more addicted to the violent images in the books and soon realized that they werent enoughShow MoreRelatedTheodore Bundy : The Characteristics Of Sociopaths1346 Words   |  6 Pagesconscience. Theodore Bundy (born Theodore Robert Cowell; November 24, 1946 - January 24, 1989) was an american serial killer, kidnapper, rapist, burgular, and necrophile who assualted and murdered numerous young women and girls during the 1970s, and possibly earlier. Shortly before his execution, after more than a decade of denials, he confessed to 30 homicides committed in sevennstates between 1974 and 1978. The true victim count remains unknown and could be much higher. Bundy was regardedRead MoreSerial Killers : A Serial Killer Essay1003 Words   |  5 Pagescriminals define not only places, but certain time periods. Serial killers are usually the ones that individuals tend to remember the most. An individual is considered a serial killer when they murder three or more individuals during a period of time with a cooling off period between each crime (Frailing Harper, 2016). The purpose of this paper is to discuss one of the most controversial and yet famous serial killer, Theodore Robert Bundy. Something interesting that attracts the attention of mostRead MoreSerial Murders Are Not Indigenous, Nor Are They A New Phenomenon1157 Words   |  5 PagesWhat can cause someone to go on a ravenous murder spree? Serial murders are not indigenous, nor are they a new phenomenon. Ted Bundy and The Zodiac Killer are well-known individuals that are often mentioned when speaking about infamous serial killers. Conventional characteristics such as quantity, time, and place are all put into consideration when classifying a murderer as a serial killer (FBI). The Federal Bureau of Investigation definition states that three or more murders must take place at differentRead MoreA Brief Biography of Ted Bundy1198 Words   |  5 PagesUnited States during the 1970s. More and more women students suddenly vanished. During a search for the serial killer, investigators could not seem to find a link to the person doing all these terrible acts. The similarities of the victims showed that someone smart was behind these events. However, when he was caught, America learned that not every serial killer fits a certain profile. Ted Bundy, a man known to many as very smart and interesting, spread his terror throughout the United States byRead MoreTed Bundy Research Paper5108 Words   |  21 Pages(Goleman). Ted Bundy was one of the most famous psychopaths in the history of the country (Nordheimer). People say he was the perfect killer- handsome, intelli gent, witty, and charming (Boynton 25). Bundy was the complete opposite of what people thought a serial killer looked like, so his victims did not fear him (â€Å"Ted Bundy†). Robert Keppel, an expert on serial killers, stated, â€Å"He taught us that a serial killer can appear to be absolutely normal, the guy next door (â€Å"Serial Killers and Mass Murderers†)Read MoreWho Is The Serial Killer?1564 Words   |  7 Pageson the individuals described which one is the serial killer? There is one close by. Could it be the ice cream vendor? Alternatively, maybe the father, possibly even the elderly woman next to you. Most people would automatically assume that the serial killer is the man that is antisocial; walking briskly; head down bundled up on such a warm day. While yes, this is odd it does not necessarily mean that he is capable of killing. Actually, the serial killer in your midst is the man on crutches asking forRead MoreTed Bundy Was Raised By His Grandparents132 3 Words   |  6 PagesTed Bundy By: Luis Esquivel Background Ted Bundy was born November 24, 1946, in Burlington, Vermont. Theodore â€Å"Ted† Bundy was raised by his grandparents. Eleanor Cowell, Ted’s mom was twenty-two and unmarried when she had Theodore. To hide the fact that Theodore was an illegitimate child, he was raised as the adopted son of his grandparents and was told that his mother was his sister. Bundy’s mom moved to Tacoma, Washington a few years later and married Johnnie Bundy and had several children togetherRead MoreThe Creation of a Serial Killer: Nature vs. Nurture Essay1120 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Serial killers are human black holes; they scare us because they mirror us,† spoke Shirley Lynn Scott, known author and psychologist. This stands true throughout history, as most serial killers blend in with society. Serial killing is formally defined by the FBI as â€Å"a series of three or more killings, having common characteristics such as to suggest the reasonable possibility that the crime s were committed by the same actor or actors.† But what exactly drives someone to kill another human beingRead MoreTheodore Robert Bundy : An American Serial Killer1045 Words   |  5 PagesTheodore Robert Bundy Theodore Robert Bundy November 24, 1946 –January 24, 1989, was an American serial killer, kidnapping, rapist and necrophile who assaulted and murdered numerous young women and girls during the 1970 s and possibly earlier. Shortly before his execution, after than a decade of denials, he confessed to 30 homicides committed in seven states between 1974 and 1978. The true victim count remains unknown, and could be much higher. Bundy was regarded as handsome and charismatic byRead MoreThe Mystery Of Serial Killers1214 Words   |  5 PagesSerial killers have unsuspectingly dwelled among society for as long as evil has been amongst the human race. The world would not be the same without these vile people. Yes, serial killers are awful human beings but there is something about them that has, and will continue, to be a topic of interest to the innocent. Serial killers are always talked about; in fictional movies, documentaries, books, speeches, dinner topics, the list goes on. The average, day by day people in society have always craved

The American Dream in Death of a Salesman and Seize the...

In today’s society the term â€Å"American Dream† is perceived as being successful and usually that’s associated with being rich or financially sound. People follow this idea their entire life and usually never stop to think if they are happy on this road to success. Most will live through thick and thin with this idealization of the â€Å"American Dream† usually leading to unhappiness, depression and even suicide. The individual is confused by society’s portrayal of the individuals who have supposedly reached the nirvana of the â€Å"American Dream†. In the play â€Å"Death of a Salesman† Willy thinks that if a person has the right personality and he is well liked it’s easy to achieve success rather than hard work and innovation. This is seen when Willy is†¦show more content†¦Willy also focuses on getting his sons to follow his ideas, he raises them to believe that they will be very successful and that school isn†™t important, it’s important to be liked by everyone. Before Willy dies he talks about all the people that are going to visit his funeral and everyone will see how liked he was. Ironically no one shows up at his funeral but his family and the neighbors, hence vividly showing how much he actually achieved chasing his dream of being well liked. Ben from â€Å"Death of a Salesman† the brother of Willy believes that the American Dream is the ability to start with nothing and somehow to achieve a great fortune â€Å"William when I waked into the jungle I was seventeen. When I walked out I was twenty one. And by God I was rich!† Throughout the play Willy is portrayed as envious of his brother. Willy’s wife is rather not pleased with his presence, she sees Ben as mischievous character that is up to no good. This can be seen when Ben comes over and is playing around with Biff, once Biff starts winning the sparring match Ben trips his and points his umbrella at Biff’s head. Ben believes that only certain people can achieve the â€Å"American Dream† and they need to be ruthless or mischievous to achieve it. Biff the son of Willy in â€Å"Death of a Salesman† has the opportunity to follow his dad’s footsteps and go into pursuing the â€Å"American Dream† but he has in inner conflict of his dad’s adultery. Biff is also much like his dad and is good with his hands,Show MoreRelatedAristoles View on Drama1347 Words   |  6 Pagesclassical Greece around the fifth century B.C. The earliest performances took place in amphitheaters, which the Greeks invented to incorporate plays in their religious and civic festivals. These Greek festivals were huge theatrical events filled with three days of drama. The structure of the amphitheater allowed for an audience of thousands to observe the theatrics and watch as the actors vie to win the drama competition. In addition, ancient Greek theater used dramas to relay moral and political messagesRead More Degradation of America in All My Sons, Death of a Salesman, and The Crucible.2446 Words   |  10 PagesAmerica in All My S ons, Death of a Salesman, and The Crucible  Ã‚     Ã‚   Arthur Miller was, as a playwright, very critical of American society.   He condemned every aspect and satirized every ideal of modern American culture, from democracy to the American dream.   He degraded every part of Western civilization down to a much more basic and much more negative idea – capitalism became greed, and rule by the people became rule by the mob.   Many people of his era saw him as anti-American, and in many waysRead MoreSurvival Guide : The Great Gatsby, And Death Of A Salesman1796 Words   |  8 PagesChristine Powroznik English Final Exam: Survival Guide Pursuit of Happyness, Dead Poet’s Society, The Great Gatsby, Death of a Salesman 1) The American Dream The Great Gatsby: The American dream is a chance to start a new life in a new setting. In this book, Gatsby’s American dream was Daisy. Once he met her, he devoted his life to pleasing her: he bought the mansion across the bay from her, had extravagant parties, etc. He always held onto his hope, or the green light, that he would win herRead More The Character of Uncle Ben in Death of a Salesman Essay2550 Words   |  11 PagesThe Character of Uncle Ben in Death of a Salesman The character of Ben in Arthur Millers Death of A Salesman serves a complex dramatic function.   He is Willy Lomans real brother, the idealized memory of that brother, and an aspect of Willys own personality, and these distinct functions are sometimes simultaneous.   Through his aggressive actions and vibrant speech, the audience is given a strong contrast to Willys self-doubt and self-contradiction.   In addition, the encounters between BenRead MoreSupernatural in American Fiction Essay2928 Words   |  12 PagesSupernatural in American Fiction The oldest and strongest emotion of mankind is fear, and the oldest and strongest kind of fear is fear of the unknown. Therefore, it makes sense that if mortals cannot bear the darkness, they [should not] not go there. If man dislikes black night and yawning chasms, then should he not even consider them? Shouldnt man seek out the sunshine, instead? The remedy is very simple: Avoid the darkness and seek the light. But, no. Mankind would never submitRead More Biography of Andrew Carnegie Essay3952 Words   |  16 PagesCarnegie was born into a poor working class family living in the town of Dunfermline, Scotland, in 1835. His father operated a small hand looming business located in the family home. The Carnegies was literate, well read, and active in the politics of the day. It was a time of repression of the Scottish worker by the Government, the employers, and the culture. Rebellious in thought as well as actively participating in protests was part of the Carnegie family life style. He was exposed to all of Scotland’sRead MoreBrief Survey of American Literature3339 Words   |  14 PagesBrief Survey of American Literature 1. Beginnings to 1700 Great mixing of peoples from the whole Atlantic basin Bloody conflicts between Native Americans (or American Indians) and European explorers and settlers who had both religious and territorial aspirations - Native American oral literature / oral tradition - European explorers’ letters, diaries, reports, etc., such as Christopher Columbus’s letters about his voyage to the â€Å"New world†. - Anglo (New England) settlers’ books, sermonsRead MoreWall Street14268 Words   |  58 Pages1 Wall Street (Drama) ( 1987)  © 2000 by Raymond Weschler Major Characters Bud (Buddy ) Fox†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Charlie Sheen A young, smart and very motivated stock broker (seller) who dreams of making millions of dollars. Gordon Gekko†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Michael Douglas A very rich, ruthless and immoral stock trader and â€Å"corporate raider,† which is a person who buys and sells companies, often with horrible results for company workers. Darien Taylor†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Daryl Hannah A young and beautiful interiorRead MoreConfucianism in Journey to the West31834 Words   |  128 Pagesthere is a lengthy dialogue between the two. Central in this dialogue are the repeated references to filial piety, such as: â€Å"From what you say, the Monkey King replied, youre a filial son and a gentleman−−youre bound to be rewarded for it one day.† â€Å"çÅ' ´Ã§Å½â€¹Ã© â€œ: æ  ®Ã¤ ½  Ã¨ ¯ ´Ã¨ µ ·Ã¦  ¥, ä ¹Æ'æ˜ ¯Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¨ ¡Å'Ã¥ ­ Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥ â€ºÃ¥ ­ , Ã¥ â€˜Ã¥ Å½Ã¥ ¿â€¦Ã¦Å"‰å ¥ ½Ã¥ ¤â€ž.†[57] â€Å"(†¦)and who would look after my poor old mother then?† â€Å"è€ Ã¦ ¯ Ã¤ ½â€¢Ã¤ º ºÃ¥ ¥â€°Ã¥â€¦ »?†[58] After the entire dialogue, all we know about the woodcutter is that he works hard and is a filial son; he is the story’s main representationRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pagess Of Marketing) 3.5. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Ethics in Marketing 4. Have you understood type questions 5. Summary 6. Exercises 7. References 1. INTRODUCTION: The apex body in United States of America for the Marketing functions, American Marketing Association (AMA) defines marketing as â€Å"Marketing consists of those activities involved in the flow of goods and services from the point of production to the point of consumption. The AMA has since amended its definition to read as: â€Å"Marketing

Organisation design Free Essays

estructuring is rife once again in our organizations. Is all this really necessary or are we Just getting it very wrong? Do we keep designing in the traditional and two dimensional way we have always designed our organizations in? Let us rethink why we would restructure in the first place and how we would do it in a way that is more sustainable and less disruptive to the organization. Let’s start with some simple ideas and principles. We will write a custom essay sample on Organisation design or any similar topic only for you Order Now Include organization design as part of your strategic planning process. When your business model or value chain changes, your overall structure needs to change with it. For other times, accountabilities and roles need to continually evolve. Create broad roles that can evolve, not tightly defined Jobs. Remember we frequently encounter problems beyond our Job descriptions and we need to develop people so they can be redeployed. When you restructure, change the way the work is done or there will be no change. Functions focused on effectiveness cannot report to functions focused on efficiency Functions focused on long-range development cannot report to functions focused on short-range results Having the wrong people in the wrong roles will continue to make the structure ineffective. Understand that there will always be paradoxes in the system like centralization AND decentralization and learn to manage it through behavior rather than structure. No amount of restructuring can make up for leadership and culture failures. Restructures often don’t change power structures. People like creating extra layers to serve their own agendas. Do not allow it if the business model and value chain does not require it. Let’s improve how we do things using 4 fundamentals. 1 . Job families based on the value chain – broken down into core and support The first step is to design value chain based Job families – a Job family is a cluster of roles that have a lot in common as far as competencies and outputs are concerned. Identify the core functions that must be performed in support of the business strategy. Define what each function will have authority and be accountable for. Once his is clear, support Job families can be defined. Examples are Finance, Human Resources and Operations. Support should never be greater than core. . Levels of work Now define the right number of levels. The starting point, says Jacques, is â€Å"to get the right structure, including the right number of vertical layers, and well-defined accountability and authority not only in manager-subordinate working relationships, but in cross-functional working relationships as well† Oases, â€Å"The Aims of Requisite Organization,† in Requisite Organization). All r oles in a level have a similar approach to work, and a similar level of complexity, regardless of the business unit or Job family they fall into. This paves the way for clear goal alignment. You should not have more than 5-6 levels of work in total for example Operational employees, First line leaders, Expert leaders, Executive Leaders and Strategic leader(s). 3. Systems thinking to get governance and matrix structures right Now make sure you put the governance , organization support and matrix structures over it that can manage the accountabilities and risk appetites of your functions and ensure you understand where to place resources between core and support and between central and decentralized functions. . Generic roles, not people And very importantly†¦ When creating the structure, ignore the people involved and just identify the core and support business functions that must be performed. Create generic roles that are not person dependent and can evolve. Have similarities in role design across levels and in Job families and only define the unique bits differently. This makes it much easier to redeploy people instead of making them redundant whilst growing other parts of the business. The ensuing picture looks like this: If we evolve the picture further to incorporate the matrix and governance designs the final design will look something like a three dimensional matrix using the Biometric design developed by DRP. Elisabeth Dossal: If you need help in developing a sustainable well-designed organization structure, please contact me on marianne@redstonecp. Com. How to cite Organisation design, Papers

Early human religous beliefs Essay Example For Students

Early human religous beliefs Essay As long as humans have walked the Earth, we have sought out answers. Answers for questions like: â€Å"Why are we here? Where do we go when we die? Where did we come from? and What’s that?†How different people answered these questions is important to study because it shows us the spiritual side of human nature. Especially now, a time of conflict between Islam and Western Civilization, it is important to look back and trace the evolution of religion. To see where we started and perhaps, gain some perspective into what is happening now and what may happen in the future. As far as archeologists have been able to research, they have found evidence of religious faith and practice. In Paleolithic Hunter-Gatherer societies fear and awe of the natural world, as well as gratitude and empathy of it, is well represented in the cave art found around the globe. Archeologists have also found evidence of burial rituals, which points to the idea that Paleolithic and Neolithic humans knew that they were going somewhere after they died. There are no cave paintings illustrating this place, so it is impossible to say what their image of the afterlife really was. Likewise no images of divine figures have ever been found. As to whether or not the early humans believed in gods is uncertain, but they clearly showed signs of the first steps of religion awe, fear, questioning, belief, and practice of rituals. As primitive culture and society evolved, so did its religion. The Sumerians, unlike the early humans before them, had an organized religion, with gods and goddesses, scheduled public festivals, and specific practices. The Sumerians visualized their gods in human form, with human needs and weaknesses. They looked to these gods to explain acts of nature. There were gods of the sky and storm, gods of the water, and gods of the soil.Although they looked like humans, they differed from their mortal cousins in their greater power, position in the universe, and their immortality. The Mesopotamians believed that their duty was to serve the gods and provide them with offerings of food, clothing, and art. The gods were fed meals, sung songs, and honored with devotion and ritual. The Mesopotamians had a gloomy picture of the afterlife. They believed that the winged spirits of the dead were confined to a dark netherworld, doomed to perpetual hunger and thirst unless someone offered them food and drink. They believed that some spirits escaped to haunt live human beings.The most interesting thing about their vision of the afterlife is that in it, all humans suffered equally there was no special treatment for those who had some well and good in life or for those who had been poor or bad. There were burial rituals, and people were usually buried with pottery and other trinkets. There were not, however, tombstones or inscriptions to identify the dead. The explanation offered by Historians is that the Mesopotamians were mainly concerned with the problems of the mortal world and leading a good life before dying. Egyptian religious beliefs shared some similarities with Mesopotamian beliefs, but differenced in many important ways. Egyptians had numerous explanations for the formation of the universe, which varied from city to city. In Heliopolis, it was the sun god Re who emerged from a dark, vast sea to a primeval mound, containing within himself the life force of all the other gods, which he created. In Memphis, it was the god Ptah who created the other gods by simply speaking their names. Each city had a different explanation. Their image of the gods was also different that that of the Mesopotamians. Like them, the Egyptians saw the gods as human in form and emotion, except that most Egyptian gods had human bodies and animal heads. All except for the sun god, Aten, who is usually represented by a disk with rays coming down off it. .u8c598cc211c13606822b91e9890f1d2e , .u8c598cc211c13606822b91e9890f1d2e .postImageUrl , .u8c598cc211c13606822b91e9890f1d2e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8c598cc211c13606822b91e9890f1d2e , .u8c598cc211c13606822b91e9890f1d2e:hover , .u8c598cc211c13606822b91e9890f1d2e:visited , .u8c598cc211c13606822b91e9890f1d2e:active { border:0!important; } .u8c598cc211c13606822b91e9890f1d2e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8c598cc211c13606822b91e9890f1d2e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8c598cc211c13606822b91e9890f1d2e:active , .u8c598cc211c13606822b91e9890f1d2e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8c598cc211c13606822b91e9890f1d2e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8c598cc211c13606822b91e9890f1d2e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8c598cc211c13606822b91e9890f1d2e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8c598cc211c13606822b91e9890f1d2e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8c598cc211c13606822b91e9890f1d2e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8c598cc211c13606822b91e9890f1d2e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8c598cc211c13606822b91e9890f1d2e .u8c598cc211c13606822b91e9890f1d2e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8c598cc211c13606822b91e9890f1d2e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Brave New World: Huxley Predicted Many Events of t EssayEgyptian society was the first to believe that man was part god.They believed that their kings, or Pharaohs, were gods. More specifically, the pharaohs wanted the people to believe that they were direct intermediaries to the gods. A sort of tertium quid above humanity and just below divinity. This is evidenced in the great monuments built for them, the Pyramids. The Egyptians undoubtedly believed that you could take it with you when you leave. They had a definite understanding of the afterlife and thought that when you die, you will need all sorts of things for your journey. Pharaohs and high officials were mummified, buried with riches, and sometimes buried with servants to help them on their way. Before moving on to time Greek spirituality, which marks a whole new direction in religious evolution, it is important to look at the major similarities of these three societies’ religions. All three viewed the gods as uncontrollable, subject to whim and great anger for no reason. All three attempted to assuage the gods with offerings and sacrifices. The gods were governed by no morality or laws. It was the Greeks who would begin to change that way of thinking. As stated earlier, there are echoes of Egyptian and Mesopotamian religion evident in Greek religion. The Greeks were polytheists, like those before them, and like the Egyptians, had an organized understanding of what each god responsible for. They saw their gods in human form, like the Mesopotamians. While people worshipped smaller, guardian gods that varied from city to city, everyone worshipped the 12 main gods: Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Hestia, Demeter, Aphrodite, Apollo, Ares, Artemis, Athena, Hephaestus, and Hermes. People had festivals for, built temples for, prayed to, and gave offerings to these gods. But it was done in a different manner than humans before the Greeks. The Gods meant less. The Greeks, through rational thought had begun to explain things occurring in the world themselves, without relying on the gods. This is where science and philosophy began. The Greeks looked to the gods to teach morality. More and more, the great art was not of gods, but of men. Greeks worshipp ed great athletes and thinkers, as well as the gods. The Greeks were the first to worship man, and all his abilities.This is an important step in human evolution, because it marks the moment when people began to look inward for answers. Roman culture contained many aspects of Greek culture. The Romans identified their own gods with the Greek equivalents and incorporated Greek mythology into their own.They shared similar religious practices, festivals, and beliefs. In fact, although they claimed to be far superior to the Greeks in all ways. Their religion was exactly the same. I recognize that I have not touched on one major religion from human history Judaism. I have not done so because we have not studied it. Judaism was the first monotheistic religion and the predecessor of Christianity and Islam. It’s role can not be forgotten when we think about the conflict we are experiencing now. However, it is interesting to see the patterns of religion throughout history.The way the Mesopotamians, the Egyptians, the Greeks, and the Romans looked at the world. One can start to see patterns echoes in modern society. Our death rituals, the festivals, and rites of passage all came from these ancient peoples’. Though they are not exactly the same, they are more similar that they are different. Bibliography:

Violence Analysis Essay Example For Students

Violence Analysis Essay Violence in high schools is present in many places in the school. A survey was taken by five high schools. Both students and teachers were given maps to their schools and asked to identify where and when the most violent events and most dangerous places in the school were at. The participants, or the teachers and students were also asked to identify the ages and sexes of the people who committed the violent acts and of the people who they were committed against. Later the participants were questioned about why they thought these were the most dangerous areas and why these certain types of people committed the violent acts. The findings were that they mostly occurred in places such as hallways, dining areas, and parking lots. All of these places are where authority figures are not usually found. We will write a custom essay on Violence Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Also in the study they asked their opinions on security guards, suspensions, and objects such as video cameras. The purpose of this survey was to see if interventions should be made to heighten the sense of awareness between students and teachers about these places where problems most occur. As I said before the methods used to obtain this information was five surveys to five high schools. Since I have recently left the high school environment I believe that this study is one of relative importance. In my younger years of high school, basically my freshman and sophomore years, fights and violent acts occurred regularly. Usually around two a week. And they usually occurred in the same places. Junior things had drastically changed. I remember walking into school and going through a metal detector at the entrance of the school. At first I was somewhat offended but did feel safer. And as the year went on I noticed that fights were not occurring as much. I noticed that teachers were now standing outside their classes in the halls at breaks between classes, police were in the parking lots all the time and cameras were now at every corner. Although I felt like I was in a prison I asked the principal later that year how many fights had occurred. Remarkably finding that only three had occurred the entire year. I believe that this study relates very closely with my school.This article shows that by knowing where the dangerous areas are and improving student relations improves the well being of the entire school. And that by placing cameras and security guards at the designated, â€Å"dangerous areas†, many violent acts can be prevented if not stopped. I see a definite connection between this article and my high school. Because the changes were made the school environment was a safer place. All because the administration knew where the problems were occurring and how to stop themBibliography:

Challenges Project Teams Face Example

Challenges Project Teams Face Example Challenges Project Teams Face – Coursework Example Challenges Faced by Project Teams al Affiliation) Challenges Faced by Project Teams According to Kendrick, , everyproject team ought to formulate the lifecycle of a project. The steps in the lifecycle are dependent on each other for a project to achieve its projected targets. The challenges faced in one step significantly affects the next step; hence inhibiting the success of the project (Kendrick, 2011). The project involving Denver International Airport Baggage Handling System is a clear indication of the challenges that project teams undergo at every stage of the lifecycle. At the initiation level, the Project Charter is established (Kendrick, 2011). Project teams face the challenge of assessing whether the project is achievable. The project may prove to be more complex than the original plan. Underestimating the complexity levels might hinder the effectiveness of the planning stage. At the planning stage, the project management plan is formulated. Project teams may be required to change the requirements of the project if its complexity was under-estimated at its conception. This might involve adjusting the entire budget structure to cater for the additional project costs. At the execution stage, project deliverables are produced. Project teams may be faced with coordination issues. Lack of coordination may alter the execution of the project. If the project teams are unable to coordinate the project management plan, the project deliverables might be a shadow of the original plan. At the monitoring and controlling stage, the project teams are responsible for controlling any change arising while monitoring the project’s progress. They should ensure that the project is well handled to meet its set objectives. It is at this stage where project teams evaluate the performance of the systems implemented, and ensure that the operation costs are within the budget. At the closing stage, project teams ought to ensure that there is sufficient backup for the whol e project in case a review for the project is required. The project should only be wound up after it has been successful. The project teams ought to evaluate the actual life span of the project against the projected lifespan (Kendrick, 2011). The Denver Baggage Handling System was scrapped off since it was not successful.ReferenceKendrick, T. (2011). 101 project management problems and how to solve them: practical advice for handling real-world project challenges. New York: AMACOM, American Management Association.

Minimizing the Impact of a Natural Disaster - The Risk Mitigation Research Paper

Minimizing the Impact of a Natural Disaster - The Risk Mitigation Phase - Research Paper Example While FEMA and other government agencies will aid in the response and recovery phases of the disaster, the planning and initial response will largely be a function of local officials. The need for response and recovery can be greatly reduced by adequate planning and risk mitigation. The emergency planning manager will need to be highly skilled in a wide variety of disciplines to be effective. They will need intense knowledge in fields as diverse as geology, political science, and social theory. The purpose of this paper is to better prepare the disaster manager by examining the steps necessary to implement a risk mitigation program and what role it has in the planning for and responding to a natural disaster. Planning for, and responding to, a natural disaster will differ considerably from a man-made disaster. Natural disasters are somewhat predictable and foreseeable, happen based on natural patterns, and their effects can be anticipated. Typical disaster planning and response include the phases of risk assessment, mitigation, planning, response, and recovery. However, natural disasters tend to be overlooked when budgets are tight, the weather is clear, and there has not been a disaster in recent memory. The type and severity of disaster exposure will vary depending upon the geographical location and time of year. Communities may be exposed to hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, fires, volcanoes, or floods. Recent construction sites may be prone to landslides, erosion, and runoff. These threats are often neglected as "the core concept of risk arising from natural hazards is not a fundamental mode of thinking or discourse for policymaking, and in addition is greatly overshadowed nowadays by the issue of terrorism" (Basher, 2008, p.938).  

Testing the use of the checklist in the operation room Essay

Testing the use of the checklist in the operation room - Essay Example This study evaluated the use of the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist, that impact of operating room briefings on coordination of care. Data were prospectively collected in the cesarean section OR with C’ section patients and the outcome of eleven cases of patients undergoing this operation was gathered and analyzed after direct observation of the OR checklist was applied . Findings suggested that in the general operation room, the checklist was used. In contrast, in the operation room of the labor department,the checklist tool was not used . To increase the probability of achieving patient safety and minimal errors when implementing the use of checklist tool, such as World Health Organization’s Surgical Safety Checklist, the integration between OR members of the different professions and teamwork must be enhanced. Key words: checklist, WHO surgical safety checklist. . Introduction and statement of the problem The nursing leadership needed to evaluate the possibility of edu cating all the healthcare professionals on the use of a safety checklist and to gain an increased awareness of the challenges and solutions connect with such an effort. The obstetric patient safety CNS at Johns Hopkins Hospital wanted to study the reasons why the OR checklist was not being used. ... It also helps to improve communication and guarantee safe and standardized procedure, by this means minimizing error. Overcoming barrier to implementation of the checklist in the OR was growing. Lack of using the checklist therefore led to the increase of the above mentioned defects. The organization started testing the checklist over a year ago and they provided information for all caregivers teams regarding their attitudes toward the use of a surgical checklist. Still not all team members related that they were aware of the checklist and its purpose and they were not using the resource. The use of the checklist did not become part of the culture of the unit. Some team members were / and are resistant to checklists. Support for use of apre-operative checklist to increase patient safety has been described. In a study by Nilsson, Lindbergt, Gupta &Vegfros (2010), staff awareness of the benefit of the use of a checklist and attitudes towards the use of a checklist improved after one ye ar. Assessment Organizational need According to JHU nursing leadership, there was a need for all OB and OR team members know each other as the research supported that this would make people more willing to speak up if they perceived a certain problem during the case. The team members also needed to have a shared mental model regarding the scope of the case and the plan of care for the patient after the case. It was viewed that most nurses did not make good use of the checklist. The use of the checklist also goes a long way in helping the nurses remember to cover all the basics. This is because not everyone has the ability to memorize all that is required. The operating rooms are highly procedural environments that require surgical teams to be very meticulous (Hayes, 2012). Clinical

Report on International Issues in ther Hospitality Industry Essay

Report on International Issues in ther Hospitality Industry - Essay Example The competition has been intense like never before and the flow of information is regarded as the key decision making factor. The hospitality industry has also not been as exception either. The overall industry of hospitality has experienced paradigm shifts. As it happens with the service industry, the physical environment and the people have been instrumental for the growth and development of the companies that are into the hospitality industry. The other crucial factor that has been immensely important for the success of the companies in this industry has been the continuous research and innovation. The report studies the essence of innovation in the hospitality industry. There is a long pending debate upon the need and the essence of innovation in the hospitality industry. Many of the experts in the domain of hospitality industry are of the view that the increased focus upon the innovation enhances the cost by huge extent. According to them, the increased cost is no match for the rise in expected revenue and therefore, there is no point in focusing on continuous innovation. But the present day industry thinks in a different way altogether. As the industry has become too dynamic, the market leaders believe that it is no longer possible to meet the changing needs of the customer through the age old traditional methods. The three major factors that shape the need of innovation are as follows: The hotel managers often struggle to differentiate their products or services from that of their competitors. This is so because all the competing hotels produce and cater identical products and the services like lodging and fooding. The onus lies upon the individual hotels to present them in a differentiated way in front of the target group of customers and innovation facilitates the process. There is almost no doubt about the fact that the needs of the customers are changing fast. The life has become

Effect of Globalization and Commercialization on Sports

Effect of Globalization and Commercialization on Sports â€Å" Critically evaluate how globalizing and commercial forces have influenced sports generally and football especially. You should also include in your analysis the influence of globilization and commercialization on the management and governance of organizations in light of Stewart and Smith’s (1999) unique features of sport. You should discuss the implications of these changes on the management of sporting organizations. You must be critical rather than descriptive in your analysis and refer to theory wherever possible† This paper seeks to present how commercialization and globalization have affected sports industry in our days and how sport managers have to respond to these two factors. Sports always were concerning human communities, and were at the centre of human activities. At the early 590 BC the Greek athletes were financially rewarded for an Olympic victory-winning (Harris, 1964). â€Å"Sports has not always had such an international flavour. Sports first spread across international borders through imperialistic efforts. As countries such as Great Britain colonised various areas throughout the world, sport was used to impose the conquerors culture on the colonised land† ( Masteralexis, Barr and Hums,1998, p.210). Nowdays sports attract the public interest and â€Å"Modern sports and modern mass media are both multibillion-dollar businesses. Elite sports cannot function as they do without the mass media to publicize and underwrite them. The huge market for sports equipment and team-related merchandise is to a large extent sustained by the medias 24-hour-a-day sports coverage, and the economic infrastructure of the mass media depends to a considerable extent on the capacity of sports to create large, loyal cohorts of readers, listeners, viewers, and interactive consumers† (http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-253580). Sport is a main interest in modern societies as more and more people participate like ever before. This massive growth of sport interest and activities has drove to main changes the major characteristics of sport. These changes that characterize sport are related to social changes as â€Å"among these changes some trends may be identified. First, sporting activities in western countries are characterized by a trend toward pluralisation i.e. by the increase in the number of sports that are practiced. At the same time sport activities know a process of diversification and differentiation: recreational, competitive and professional sports are becoming more and more separated. Second, sport activities are subject to a growing individualism. Sport is more and more seen as an option for an individual. The general ideology concerning sport has moved â€Å"from sport as a collective right to sport as an individual option† leading to the adoption of the principle of â€Å"let the user pay†. Individualism and pluralization may be seen as the cause of a trend toward the â€Å"marketization† (or commercialization ) of sport. In effect, sport is among the fastest growing leisure markets. All sorts of sport, and not only top sport are characterized by a growing involvement of money.† ( Enjolas, 2001). â€Å"Today, sport is big business and big businesses are heavily involved in sport. Athletes in the major spectator sports are marketable commodities, sports teams are traded on the stock market, sponsorship rights at major events can cost millions of dollars, network television stations pay large fees to broadcast games, and the merchandising and licensing of sporting goods is a major multi- national business. These trends are not just restricted to professional athletes and events, many of them are equally applicable to the so-called amateur sports† (Slack, 1998). Here is a selection of some examples that certificate the above : â€Å"a report published by Deloitte & Touche and Sport-Business Group has revealed that Manchester United heads football’s rich list with a turn over of 117m pounds. It is based upon turnover season 1999-2000. In the 2nd is Real Madrid with turnover of 103.7m. pounds.†, â€Å"Kellogg has signed its biggest ever UK sports sponsorship deal. It is linking its Nutri-Grain brand with Rugby League’s Challenge Cup. Kellogg will invest more than 1 million pounds into the sponsorship.† , â€Å"Musicians, sports stars and actors are rapidly overhauling established business tycoons as some America’s wealthiest young people.†, â€Å"Hays and Robertson is planning a two-way floating International Brands Licensing, the Admiral and Mountain Equipment brand business on Aim in June 2002, in an attempt to raise its market value to 11.5 m. pounds. Hays and Robertson will then join with Sky in a deal to sell England kits and other football kits later on in the year and focus on purchasing licenses for other brands for UK distribution.†(as cited in Beech and Chadwick, 2004, p. 8-9). Also as cited in McGaughey and Liesch (2002) ague that, â€Å"†¦ sport has gradually commercialized through the growth of spectatorship, with revenues being generated via gate-takings and activities such as on-course betting (Rowe, 1996). While the advent of ‘live’ broadcasting and the commentary of sports through radio and television initially resulted in declining revenue for sporting bodies, popular sports have increasingly entered more economically rewarding contracts with television interests, with ‘the negotiation of television contracts rapidly becoming the biggest issue in the game’†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p.384). According to Beech and Chadwick (2004), the development of a sport as a business is characterized by a sequence of phases. These phases are: the foundation of the sport, its codification, stratification, professionalisation, , post-professionalisation, commercialization and post-commercialization. The commercialization of a sport involves the development of an â€Å"overtly business context, external organizations see the opportunity of using the sport for their own purposes, typically marketing in the forms of sponsorship – involving governing bodies, leagues and clubs – and endorsement – involving players. If the sport organizations, leagues and clubs are inept in their management of the greatly increased financial revenues which become available, they will become available, they will come under pressure to the extent that some professional clubs in particular may be forced out of existence† (p.6). The commercialization in the English soccer began at the end of 1960, when Texaco (an oil company) and Watneys (a brewery) offered sponsorship to cups (Beech and Chadwick, 2004). â€Å" †¦by the end of the 1990s commercialization had become firmly embedded across the whole of the top leagues as well as the FA, with sponsorship of a range of events and facilities, including individual stadia, common practice. Clubs websites had become integrated with betting companies, mobile phone companies and other external organisations, typically offering directly soccer-related services. Weaker (in terms of financial success) clubs have faced major pressures such as being forced into administration.† (p.7). Some examples that present the commercialization in the 1990s are â€Å"†¦ between January 1993 and January 1997, shares in football sector rose 774per cent, outperforming stock market by a factor of 10.†( Marrow, 1999), â€Å"†¦18 month period between 1995 and 1996, shares in Manchester United and Tottenham rose 336 per cent and 368 per cent respectively.† (Marrow, 1999), â€Å"many individuals made slot of money from stock market floatation as Hall Family (Newcastle): 3m 1989-1992- sold a 41.6 per cent stake for 55m. pounds.† (Walters G, 2008, Lecture 1, Birkbeck notes). The commercialization of the sports has led to the commercial consumer income e.g. shirt sales, the commercial sponsorship income e.g. shirt sponsorship, the stadia development, the increasing of supporters-fans, matches are scheduled for tv audience, the merchandising have become more aggressive, expensive and targeted, the tickets price is higher (Walters G, 2008, Lecture 1, Birkbeck notes). Here are some comments about the commercialization in football: â€Å" One of the reasons the fanzines are not encouraged is because the clubs fear any threat, small or large, to their complete control of merchandising income. Clearly fans want to identify with their clubs and if control also means ensuring that certain basic standards of product and service are met then that’s not necessarily a bad thing†¦the trouble lies with the way that merchandising has taken over at the expense of developing almost any other form of identification with the club† (Perryman, 1997, p.6), à ¢â‚¬Å"this should have been a golden age, a perfect time to be a football supporter. Heysel and Hillsborough were in the past. We had seen off the hooligans and nearly all the fences. Where we were once the enemy within, we were now the height of fashion†¦ tv programmes, plays and even opera took an interest†¦ football shirts were everywhere. There was a boom†¦ this should have been everything we ever wanted. Instead, just when it was, at last, all right to be a football fan, everything went sour†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ( Horton, 1997, exploitation 13-14). â€Å"Globalization can be described as a process by which the people of the world are unified into a single society. This process is a combination of economic, technological, sociocultural and political forces† (Wikipedia, 2008). â€Å"In sports, globalization does not mean promoting international games and joining test matches or international competitions. It is a temporary event with minimal lasting effects and therefore is just called internationalization. The globalization of sports intimidates sports organizations that hold the right of franchise in these countries. So, it is a big problem for the professional associations, like those in baseball and soccer in Japan and in Korea and basketball in the Philippines. Sports management is something that is not directly related to globalization.   But, today, due to the wide coverage of media and the popularity of sports, globalization is an inevitable issue, even for the local sports organizations. The international sports enterprises are always looking for a chance to invade a new market, and in this sense, sports is very similar to agricultural and industrial products† (http://ccs.cla.kobe-u.ac.jp/staff/amano/WWW/amano.html, 2008). Also â€Å"the global development of sport has also accelerated from the 1980s. For example, one can find the flows from country to country of sports goods, equipment, and landscapes have grown such as the development of the media-sport production complex and projects images to global audiences.†(Lee and Lin, 2007, â€Å"the Sport Journal†). According to Masteralexis, Barr and Hums (1998), â€Å"Sport is subject to many of the same forces that are increasing the global distribution of consumer and entertainment products today† (p.209) as sports are affected by international influences as athletes play professionally in foreign countries, people watch sport events from other countries and they consume products of foreign teams. The sports industry like the general business, have realized that they have to expand their boundaries in order to sell their products in the global marketplace, by creating â€Å"products that they have the same appeal and generate the same demand in all corners of the world† (p.212) considering the different cultures, laws, languages, customs, traditions. â€Å"Efforts in globalizing the sport product can be seen on two fronts: 1. corporations are attempting to utilize the sport theme and sport products to enter the international marketplace and 2. professional sport leagues are attempting to spread the popularity of their leagues and associated products (televised games, licensed sport products, etc. ) overseas† (p.213). As an example â€Å"†¦many sport leagues, particularly those in North America, have sought out global markets through expanding television broadcasting and licensing, and by developing new leagues to introduce their specific sports to new geographic areas (Rushin, 1993). The most obvious example of this is the World League of American Football (NFL Europe) which despite financial losses, is seen as a means to introduce the professional football product to Europe, and expand television interests (King, 1996). In this way, professional sport leagues seeks out new revenue opportunities in many different markets†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( Mason, 1999, p.406). Trenberh and Collins, 1994, suggested five â€Å"manifest market conditions† that affects the sports industry and the sports managers work: â€Å"1.a trend toward a increased professionalism in leisure and sports organizations 2. continued development of commercial forms of sport 3. maturation and normalization of career structures in leisure and sport 4. a mounting awareness of the need for fiscal accountability in the public and non-profit sectors and 5. the targeting of management skills by government as a way of enhancing sport systems ‘effectiveness’† (p.276). According to Boucher(1998), â€Å"†¦there is n question that the field of Sports Management has grown and developed at a rapid race, particularly over the past decade. Concurrent with this growth have been advancements made by professional and academic associations, formed to further needs of a variety of individuals who are affiliated with Sports Management†. Sport managers have to be aware of the changes that impact their work environment and have to be capable of knowing the new technology, which affects the sports industry and have to understand that sport and sport management as a whole, is growing as a popularity worldwide and sport managers themselves should learn, understand and respect the â€Å"differences when dealing in the international sport marketplace† (Masteralexis, Barr and Hums, 1998, p. 36), â€Å" †¦ it is imperative that sport managers understand the issues surrounding the governance and management of international sport†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Masteralexis, Barr and Hums, 1998, p. 213). In order to manage the sport product, sport managers should always consider that: â€Å"1. the sport product is intangible and subjective making it difficult to ensure costumer satisfaction 2. the sport product is inconsistent and unpredictable 3. the sport product is a perishable commodity, developed in anticipation of demand and produced and consumed simultaneously 4. aspects of financing and budgeting for sports organizations differ from those of a typical business 5. for a manager there is a highly complex network of stakeholders ranging from government agencies to sponsors, volunteers and members 6. sport enterprises earn significant income from sources extraneous to the sale of the service(e.g. sponsorship and television rights) 7. managers of sport leagues must heighten competition to be successful, not eliminate it† (Trenberth, Collins, 1999, p.20). In addition the role of marketing is very important for a sport manager, in order to attract consumers, as marketing helps : 1. to guide a sporting organization in its selection of the â€Å"sport product† and its target costumers 2. to identify and monitor the activities of business competitors 3. to develop and implement promotional strategies 3. to develop and implement distribution strategies 4. to coordinate the research and information needed to carry out the marketing functions(above), audit their performance and help ensure their repeated success. (Trenberth, Collins, 1999, p.218). Sports managers need to understand also the strong need of : 1. financial management 2. share and stock market 3. mergers and acquisitions 4. sports law, commercial and international law 5. TV rights and EU law in European cases( Trenberth, Collins, 1999, p.279). Conclusion This paper has sought to highlight how commercialization and globalization has changed the worldwide picture of sports. As we can conclude a sport manager, in order to be competitive in the global marketplace and in order to be able to react to the changes of the international rules of commercialization have to be aware of the needs of the market and â€Å"consumers†-fans that address. According to Markle(1997), (as cited in Trenberth, Collins, 1999, p.281), â€Å"†¦sports managers need to understand the nature of the business and the disposition of the consumer through demographics, psychographics, socioeconomics, etc†¦sports managers need to built their business, the product and the perception of the product to be attractive and appealing †¦ to built relationships with sponsors, to learn their business needs and become an agency rather than a salesperson. They should under-promise and over-deliver†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Also we should always have in mind what Robert L. Boucher (1998, p.79) suggests : â€Å" call me naà ¯ve, but it is possible that today’s promoters of commercialism in sport have become intoxicated by sponsorship revenues? †¦is it right for a sport manager only to be conduit by which a sponsor can achieve greater market penetration? My contention is simply that in our quest for legitimation, we may have sold our souls to the interests of big business. It can be argued that much of what comprises the Sport Management domain is not related to business and producing entertainment for profit. In fact, a large percentage of sport enterprises in the global community are of an amateur nature where the motives of participants, spectators and administrators are of a more altruistic nature. Perhaps Chelladurai’s (1992) observation that there are really, in fact, two fields, that management of human services in sport and management of entertainment services through out spor t, is entirely accurate. In any event, the need to return in a balance in orientation and to refocus has never been more pressing†. References Beech J. & Chadwick S. (2004), â€Å"The Business of Sport Management†, Ashford Colour Press, Gosport Boucher R. (Journal of Sports Management,1998, 12,76-85), â€Å"Towards Achieving a Focal Point for Sport Management : A Binocular Perspecive†, Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc Encyclopedia of Britannica, on line, 2008. from http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-253580/sports Enjolras B, â€Å"Commercialization and the voluntary organization of sport:the Norwegian model under pressure?†, Paper prepared for the Seminar â€Å"idrett, samfunn og frivillig organisering†, NFR, 9-10/01/20011, from http://web.bi.no/forskning/isforg.nsf/62af2dc31b641632c12566f30039282c/6dd187f9b8d0a3c3c125696f003d6d3a/$FILE/Enjolras.PDF Harris, H.A. (1964). Greek athletes and athletics. London: Hutchinson. Lee and Lin, (2007). â€Å"The Global Flows of International Professional Baseball System†, from http://www.thesportjournal.org/2007Journal/Vol10-No4/07ping-chao.asp Mason D.(1999). â€Å"What is the sports product and who buys it? The marketing of professional sport leagues†. European Journal of Marketing, Vol.33, No.  ¾, 1999, pp. 402-418 Masteralexis L., Barr C., Hums M., (1998), â€Å"Principles And Practice of Sports Management†, United State of America :Aspen Publishers McGaughey S. and Liesch P. (2002). â€Å"The global sports-media nexus: reflexctions on the ‘super league saga’ in Australia†, Journal of Management Studies 39:3, may 2002. USA: Blackwell Publishers Professional Sports in Globalization: A Comparative Study of the Japanese Baseball and the Philippine Basketball†, from http://ccs.cla.kobe-u.ac.jp/staff/amano/WWW/amano.html Slack T., (1998). Studying the commercialization of sport: The need for critical analysis. From http://physed.otago.ac.nz/sosol/v1i1/v1i1a6.htm Trenberth L., Collins C. ( 1999), â€Å"Sport Business Management in New Zealand†, New Zealand: The Dunmore Press Walters G., (2008), from the lesson â€Å"The economics and governance of professional football†, Lecture 1 â€Å"the business of football: an historical perspective†, Birkbeck notes Wikipedia, 2008, from www.wikipedia.com Effect of Globalization and Commercialization on Sports Effect of Globalization and Commercialization on Sports â€Å" Critically evaluate how globalizing and commercial forces have influenced sports generally and football especially. You should also include in your analysis the influence of globilization and commercialization on the management and governance of organizations in light of Stewart and Smith’s (1999) unique features of sport. You should discuss the implications of these changes on the management of sporting organizations. You must be critical rather than descriptive in your analysis and refer to theory wherever possible† This paper seeks to present how commercialization and globalization have affected sports industry in our days and how sport managers have to respond to these two factors. Sports always were concerning human communities, and were at the centre of human activities. At the early 590 BC the Greek athletes were financially rewarded for an Olympic victory-winning (Harris, 1964). â€Å"Sports has not always had such an international flavour. Sports first spread across international borders through imperialistic efforts. As countries such as Great Britain colonised various areas throughout the world, sport was used to impose the conquerors culture on the colonised land† ( Masteralexis, Barr and Hums,1998, p.210). Nowdays sports attract the public interest and â€Å"Modern sports and modern mass media are both multibillion-dollar businesses. Elite sports cannot function as they do without the mass media to publicize and underwrite them. The huge market for sports equipment and team-related merchandise is to a large extent sustained by the medias 24-hour-a-day sports coverage, and the economic infrastructure of the mass media depends to a considerable extent on the capacity of sports to create large, loyal cohorts of readers, listeners, viewers, and interactive consumers† (http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-253580). Sport is a main interest in modern societies as more and more people participate like ever before. This massive growth of sport interest and activities has drove to main changes the major characteristics of sport. These changes that characterize sport are related to social changes as â€Å"among these changes some trends may be identified. First, sporting activities in western countries are characterized by a trend toward pluralisation i.e. by the increase in the number of sports that are practiced. At the same time sport activities know a process of diversification and differentiation: recreational, competitive and professional sports are becoming more and more separated. Second, sport activities are subject to a growing individualism. Sport is more and more seen as an option for an individual. The general ideology concerning sport has moved â€Å"from sport as a collective right to sport as an individual option† leading to the adoption of the principle of â€Å"let the user pay†. Individualism and pluralization may be seen as the cause of a trend toward the â€Å"marketization† (or commercialization ) of sport. In effect, sport is among the fastest growing leisure markets. All sorts of sport, and not only top sport are characterized by a growing involvement of money.† ( Enjolas, 2001). â€Å"Today, sport is big business and big businesses are heavily involved in sport. Athletes in the major spectator sports are marketable commodities, sports teams are traded on the stock market, sponsorship rights at major events can cost millions of dollars, network television stations pay large fees to broadcast games, and the merchandising and licensing of sporting goods is a major multi- national business. These trends are not just restricted to professional athletes and events, many of them are equally applicable to the so-called amateur sports† (Slack, 1998). Here is a selection of some examples that certificate the above : â€Å"a report published by Deloitte & Touche and Sport-Business Group has revealed that Manchester United heads football’s rich list with a turn over of 117m pounds. It is based upon turnover season 1999-2000. In the 2nd is Real Madrid with turnover of 103.7m. pounds.†, â€Å"Kellogg has signed its biggest ever UK sports sponsorship deal. It is linking its Nutri-Grain brand with Rugby League’s Challenge Cup. Kellogg will invest more than 1 million pounds into the sponsorship.† , â€Å"Musicians, sports stars and actors are rapidly overhauling established business tycoons as some America’s wealthiest young people.†, â€Å"Hays and Robertson is planning a two-way floating International Brands Licensing, the Admiral and Mountain Equipment brand business on Aim in June 2002, in an attempt to raise its market value to 11.5 m. pounds. Hays and Robertson will then join with Sky in a deal to sell England kits and other football kits later on in the year and focus on purchasing licenses for other brands for UK distribution.†(as cited in Beech and Chadwick, 2004, p. 8-9). Also as cited in McGaughey and Liesch (2002) ague that, â€Å"†¦ sport has gradually commercialized through the growth of spectatorship, with revenues being generated via gate-takings and activities such as on-course betting (Rowe, 1996). While the advent of ‘live’ broadcasting and the commentary of sports through radio and television initially resulted in declining revenue for sporting bodies, popular sports have increasingly entered more economically rewarding contracts with television interests, with ‘the negotiation of television contracts rapidly becoming the biggest issue in the game’†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p.384). According to Beech and Chadwick (2004), the development of a sport as a business is characterized by a sequence of phases. These phases are: the foundation of the sport, its codification, stratification, professionalisation, , post-professionalisation, commercialization and post-commercialization. The commercialization of a sport involves the development of an â€Å"overtly business context, external organizations see the opportunity of using the sport for their own purposes, typically marketing in the forms of sponsorship – involving governing bodies, leagues and clubs – and endorsement – involving players. If the sport organizations, leagues and clubs are inept in their management of the greatly increased financial revenues which become available, they will become available, they will come under pressure to the extent that some professional clubs in particular may be forced out of existence† (p.6). The commercialization in the English soccer began at the end of 1960, when Texaco (an oil company) and Watneys (a brewery) offered sponsorship to cups (Beech and Chadwick, 2004). â€Å" †¦by the end of the 1990s commercialization had become firmly embedded across the whole of the top leagues as well as the FA, with sponsorship of a range of events and facilities, including individual stadia, common practice. Clubs websites had become integrated with betting companies, mobile phone companies and other external organisations, typically offering directly soccer-related services. Weaker (in terms of financial success) clubs have faced major pressures such as being forced into administration.† (p.7). Some examples that present the commercialization in the 1990s are â€Å"†¦ between January 1993 and January 1997, shares in football sector rose 774per cent, outperforming stock market by a factor of 10.†( Marrow, 1999), â€Å"†¦18 month period between 1995 and 1996, shares in Manchester United and Tottenham rose 336 per cent and 368 per cent respectively.† (Marrow, 1999), â€Å"many individuals made slot of money from stock market floatation as Hall Family (Newcastle): 3m 1989-1992- sold a 41.6 per cent stake for 55m. pounds.† (Walters G, 2008, Lecture 1, Birkbeck notes). The commercialization of the sports has led to the commercial consumer income e.g. shirt sales, the commercial sponsorship income e.g. shirt sponsorship, the stadia development, the increasing of supporters-fans, matches are scheduled for tv audience, the merchandising have become more aggressive, expensive and targeted, the tickets price is higher (Walters G, 2008, Lecture 1, Birkbeck notes). Here are some comments about the commercialization in football: â€Å" One of the reasons the fanzines are not encouraged is because the clubs fear any threat, small or large, to their complete control of merchandising income. Clearly fans want to identify with their clubs and if control also means ensuring that certain basic standards of product and service are met then that’s not necessarily a bad thing†¦the trouble lies with the way that merchandising has taken over at the expense of developing almost any other form of identification with the club† (Perryman, 1997, p.6), à ¢â‚¬Å"this should have been a golden age, a perfect time to be a football supporter. Heysel and Hillsborough were in the past. We had seen off the hooligans and nearly all the fences. Where we were once the enemy within, we were now the height of fashion†¦ tv programmes, plays and even opera took an interest†¦ football shirts were everywhere. There was a boom†¦ this should have been everything we ever wanted. Instead, just when it was, at last, all right to be a football fan, everything went sour†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ( Horton, 1997, exploitation 13-14). â€Å"Globalization can be described as a process by which the people of the world are unified into a single society. This process is a combination of economic, technological, sociocultural and political forces† (Wikipedia, 2008). â€Å"In sports, globalization does not mean promoting international games and joining test matches or international competitions. It is a temporary event with minimal lasting effects and therefore is just called internationalization. The globalization of sports intimidates sports organizations that hold the right of franchise in these countries. So, it is a big problem for the professional associations, like those in baseball and soccer in Japan and in Korea and basketball in the Philippines. Sports management is something that is not directly related to globalization.   But, today, due to the wide coverage of media and the popularity of sports, globalization is an inevitable issue, even for the local sports organizations. The international sports enterprises are always looking for a chance to invade a new market, and in this sense, sports is very similar to agricultural and industrial products† (http://ccs.cla.kobe-u.ac.jp/staff/amano/WWW/amano.html, 2008). Also â€Å"the global development of sport has also accelerated from the 1980s. For example, one can find the flows from country to country of sports goods, equipment, and landscapes have grown such as the development of the media-sport production complex and projects images to global audiences.†(Lee and Lin, 2007, â€Å"the Sport Journal†). According to Masteralexis, Barr and Hums (1998), â€Å"Sport is subject to many of the same forces that are increasing the global distribution of consumer and entertainment products today† (p.209) as sports are affected by international influences as athletes play professionally in foreign countries, people watch sport events from other countries and they consume products of foreign teams. The sports industry like the general business, have realized that they have to expand their boundaries in order to sell their products in the global marketplace, by creating â€Å"products that they have the same appeal and generate the same demand in all corners of the world† (p.212) considering the different cultures, laws, languages, customs, traditions. â€Å"Efforts in globalizing the sport product can be seen on two fronts: 1. corporations are attempting to utilize the sport theme and sport products to enter the international marketplace and 2. professional sport leagues are attempting to spread the popularity of their leagues and associated products (televised games, licensed sport products, etc. ) overseas† (p.213). As an example â€Å"†¦many sport leagues, particularly those in North America, have sought out global markets through expanding television broadcasting and licensing, and by developing new leagues to introduce their specific sports to new geographic areas (Rushin, 1993). The most obvious example of this is the World League of American Football (NFL Europe) which despite financial losses, is seen as a means to introduce the professional football product to Europe, and expand television interests (King, 1996). In this way, professional sport leagues seeks out new revenue opportunities in many different markets†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( Mason, 1999, p.406). Trenberh and Collins, 1994, suggested five â€Å"manifest market conditions† that affects the sports industry and the sports managers work: â€Å"1.a trend toward a increased professionalism in leisure and sports organizations 2. continued development of commercial forms of sport 3. maturation and normalization of career structures in leisure and sport 4. a mounting awareness of the need for fiscal accountability in the public and non-profit sectors and 5. the targeting of management skills by government as a way of enhancing sport systems ‘effectiveness’† (p.276). According to Boucher(1998), â€Å"†¦there is n question that the field of Sports Management has grown and developed at a rapid race, particularly over the past decade. Concurrent with this growth have been advancements made by professional and academic associations, formed to further needs of a variety of individuals who are affiliated with Sports Management†. Sport managers have to be aware of the changes that impact their work environment and have to be capable of knowing the new technology, which affects the sports industry and have to understand that sport and sport management as a whole, is growing as a popularity worldwide and sport managers themselves should learn, understand and respect the â€Å"differences when dealing in the international sport marketplace† (Masteralexis, Barr and Hums, 1998, p. 36), â€Å" †¦ it is imperative that sport managers understand the issues surrounding the governance and management of international sport†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Masteralexis, Barr and Hums, 1998, p. 213). In order to manage the sport product, sport managers should always consider that: â€Å"1. the sport product is intangible and subjective making it difficult to ensure costumer satisfaction 2. the sport product is inconsistent and unpredictable 3. the sport product is a perishable commodity, developed in anticipation of demand and produced and consumed simultaneously 4. aspects of financing and budgeting for sports organizations differ from those of a typical business 5. for a manager there is a highly complex network of stakeholders ranging from government agencies to sponsors, volunteers and members 6. sport enterprises earn significant income from sources extraneous to the sale of the service(e.g. sponsorship and television rights) 7. managers of sport leagues must heighten competition to be successful, not eliminate it† (Trenberth, Collins, 1999, p.20). In addition the role of marketing is very important for a sport manager, in order to attract consumers, as marketing helps : 1. to guide a sporting organization in its selection of the â€Å"sport product† and its target costumers 2. to identify and monitor the activities of business competitors 3. to develop and implement promotional strategies 3. to develop and implement distribution strategies 4. to coordinate the research and information needed to carry out the marketing functions(above), audit their performance and help ensure their repeated success. (Trenberth, Collins, 1999, p.218). Sports managers need to understand also the strong need of : 1. financial management 2. share and stock market 3. mergers and acquisitions 4. sports law, commercial and international law 5. TV rights and EU law in European cases( Trenberth, Collins, 1999, p.279). Conclusion This paper has sought to highlight how commercialization and globalization has changed the worldwide picture of sports. As we can conclude a sport manager, in order to be competitive in the global marketplace and in order to be able to react to the changes of the international rules of commercialization have to be aware of the needs of the market and â€Å"consumers†-fans that address. According to Markle(1997), (as cited in Trenberth, Collins, 1999, p.281), â€Å"†¦sports managers need to understand the nature of the business and the disposition of the consumer through demographics, psychographics, socioeconomics, etc†¦sports managers need to built their business, the product and the perception of the product to be attractive and appealing †¦ to built relationships with sponsors, to learn their business needs and become an agency rather than a salesperson. They should under-promise and over-deliver†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Also we should always have in mind what Robert L. Boucher (1998, p.79) suggests : â€Å" call me naà ¯ve, but it is possible that today’s promoters of commercialism in sport have become intoxicated by sponsorship revenues? †¦is it right for a sport manager only to be conduit by which a sponsor can achieve greater market penetration? My contention is simply that in our quest for legitimation, we may have sold our souls to the interests of big business. It can be argued that much of what comprises the Sport Management domain is not related to business and producing entertainment for profit. In fact, a large percentage of sport enterprises in the global community are of an amateur nature where the motives of participants, spectators and administrators are of a more altruistic nature. Perhaps Chelladurai’s (1992) observation that there are really, in fact, two fields, that management of human services in sport and management of entertainment services through out spor t, is entirely accurate. In any event, the need to return in a balance in orientation and to refocus has never been more pressing†. References Beech J. & Chadwick S. (2004), â€Å"The Business of Sport Management†, Ashford Colour Press, Gosport Boucher R. (Journal of Sports Management,1998, 12,76-85), â€Å"Towards Achieving a Focal Point for Sport Management : A Binocular Perspecive†, Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc Encyclopedia of Britannica, on line, 2008. from http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-253580/sports Enjolras B, â€Å"Commercialization and the voluntary organization of sport:the Norwegian model under pressure?†, Paper prepared for the Seminar â€Å"idrett, samfunn og frivillig organisering†, NFR, 9-10/01/20011, from http://web.bi.no/forskning/isforg.nsf/62af2dc31b641632c12566f30039282c/6dd187f9b8d0a3c3c125696f003d6d3a/$FILE/Enjolras.PDF Harris, H.A. (1964). Greek athletes and athletics. London: Hutchinson. Lee and Lin, (2007). â€Å"The Global Flows of International Professional Baseball System†, from http://www.thesportjournal.org/2007Journal/Vol10-No4/07ping-chao.asp Mason D.(1999). â€Å"What is the sports product and who buys it? The marketing of professional sport leagues†. European Journal of Marketing, Vol.33, No.  ¾, 1999, pp. 402-418 Masteralexis L., Barr C., Hums M., (1998), â€Å"Principles And Practice of Sports Management†, United State of America :Aspen Publishers McGaughey S. and Liesch P. (2002). â€Å"The global sports-media nexus: reflexctions on the ‘super league saga’ in Australia†, Journal of Management Studies 39:3, may 2002. USA: Blackwell Publishers Professional Sports in Globalization: A Comparative Study of the Japanese Baseball and the Philippine Basketball†, from http://ccs.cla.kobe-u.ac.jp/staff/amano/WWW/amano.html Slack T., (1998). Studying the commercialization of sport: The need for critical analysis. From http://physed.otago.ac.nz/sosol/v1i1/v1i1a6.htm Trenberth L., Collins C. ( 1999), â€Å"Sport Business Management in New Zealand†, New Zealand: The Dunmore Press Walters G., (2008), from the lesson â€Å"The economics and governance of professional football†, Lecture 1 â€Å"the business of football: an historical perspective†, Birkbeck notes Wikipedia, 2008, from www.wikipedia.com

Population Control in China Essay -- Essayas Papers

Population Control in China â€Å"Vigilantes abduct pregnant women on the streets and haul them off, sometimes handcuffed or trussed, to abortion clinics. [Some] aborted babies cry when they are born (Steven Mosher).† This quotation shows one method how China tries to carry through its population control in a manner which is very cruel and against human rights. We, Western people, do not understand why China needs a population control and why this control has to be carried out so harshly. But why had China to control its population? From 1949 on, Mao Zedong feared war with the United States or the Soviet Union. â€Å"China’s millions [of people] were the country’s primary weapon against technologically superior enemies.† The Chinese population grew explosively, with a growth rate of more than 2% per year until 1970. Deng Xiaoping saw the problem in the population explosion and invented the one-child family in 1979. 1981 the one-child policy was introduced nationwide. This policy was effective in the cities, but in the rural areas the goal of minimizing population growth was unsuccessful. But why did the one-child policy work in cities and not in rural areas? The problem in China is the desire for having a male descendant. Every Chinese family wants to have one boy to continue their family name. In rural families the desire for sons is even higher because boys have more workforce than girls, and rural families needed the workforce for maintaining their farms. Because of the urge to have a son, many baby girls were killed or given to orphanages after they were born. In the mid 80s infanticide of girls was so high that the government loosened its one-child policy a little bit for rural families. According to the new policy, rural famili... ...ingly to the Chinese Prime Minister Zhu Rongji (1999), â€Å"China will continue to enforce its effective family planning policy in the new century in order to create a favorable environment for further development.† The one-child policy will probably be carried out until 2050. Bibliography: Xiaokang, Su; Xue, Yuan. â€Å"The humanitarian and technical dilemmas of population control in China.† Journal of International Affairs, Winter 96 http://www.indiana.edu/~easc/pages/easc/curriculum/china/1995/geography/lessoon6/rl.htm http://www.pop.org/china http://www.geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa092799.htm?once=true& http://www.hhs.se/EIJS/anomaly/COneKid.htm Graham, Hutchings. Modern China; A Guide to a Century of Change. Cambridge: Harvard University Press,2001 Robert E., Gamer. Understanding Contemporary China. Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, 1999 Population Control in China Essay -- Essayas Papers Population Control in China â€Å"Vigilantes abduct pregnant women on the streets and haul them off, sometimes handcuffed or trussed, to abortion clinics. [Some] aborted babies cry when they are born (Steven Mosher).† This quotation shows one method how China tries to carry through its population control in a manner which is very cruel and against human rights. We, Western people, do not understand why China needs a population control and why this control has to be carried out so harshly. But why had China to control its population? From 1949 on, Mao Zedong feared war with the United States or the Soviet Union. â€Å"China’s millions [of people] were the country’s primary weapon against technologically superior enemies.† The Chinese population grew explosively, with a growth rate of more than 2% per year until 1970. Deng Xiaoping saw the problem in the population explosion and invented the one-child family in 1979. 1981 the one-child policy was introduced nationwide. This policy was effective in the cities, but in the rural areas the goal of minimizing population growth was unsuccessful. But why did the one-child policy work in cities and not in rural areas? The problem in China is the desire for having a male descendant. Every Chinese family wants to have one boy to continue their family name. In rural families the desire for sons is even higher because boys have more workforce than girls, and rural families needed the workforce for maintaining their farms. Because of the urge to have a son, many baby girls were killed or given to orphanages after they were born. In the mid 80s infanticide of girls was so high that the government loosened its one-child policy a little bit for rural families. According to the new policy, rural famili... ...ingly to the Chinese Prime Minister Zhu Rongji (1999), â€Å"China will continue to enforce its effective family planning policy in the new century in order to create a favorable environment for further development.† The one-child policy will probably be carried out until 2050. Bibliography: Xiaokang, Su; Xue, Yuan. â€Å"The humanitarian and technical dilemmas of population control in China.† Journal of International Affairs, Winter 96 http://www.indiana.edu/~easc/pages/easc/curriculum/china/1995/geography/lessoon6/rl.htm http://www.pop.org/china http://www.geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa092799.htm?once=true& http://www.hhs.se/EIJS/anomaly/COneKid.htm Graham, Hutchings. Modern China; A Guide to a Century of Change. Cambridge: Harvard University Press,2001 Robert E., Gamer. Understanding Contemporary China. Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, 1999

Discourse Analysis Essay

Discourse analysis (DA), or discourse studies, is a general term for a number of approaches to analyzing written, vocal, or sign language use or any significant semiotic event. The objects of discourse analysis — discourse, writing, conversation, communicative event, etc. — are variously defined in terms of coherent sequences of sentences, propositions, speech acts or turns-at-talk. Contrary to much of traditional linguistics, discourse analysts not only study language use ‘beyond the sentence boundary’, but also prefer to analyze ‘naturally occurring’ language use, and not invented examples. Text linguistics is related. The essential difference between discourse analysis and text linguistics is that it aims at revealing socio-psychological characteristics of a person/persons rather than text structure.[1] Discourse analysis has been taken up in a variety of social science disciplines, including linguistics, sociology, anthropology, social work, cognitive psychology, social psychology, international relations, human geography, communication studies, and translation studies, each of which is subject to its own assumptions, dimensions of analysis, and methodologies. Topics of interest Topics of discourse analysis include: * The various levels or dimensions of discourse, such as sounds (intonation, etc.), gestures, syntax, the lexicon, style, rhetoric, meanings, speech acts, moves, strategies, turnsand other aspects of interaction * Genres of discourse (various types of discourse in politics, the media, education, science, business, etc.) * The relations between discourse and the emergence of syntactic structure * The relations between text (discourse) and context * The relations between discourse and power * The relations between discourse and interaction * The relations between discourse and cognition and memory Discourse Analysis Deborah Tannen Discourse analysis is sometimes defined as the analysis of language ‘beyond the sentence’. This contrasts with types of analysis more typical of modern linguistics, which are chiefly concerned with the study of grammar: the study of smaller bits of language, such as sounds (phonetics and phonology), parts of words (morphology), meaning (semantics), and the order of words in sentences (syntax). Discourse analysts study larger chunks of language as they flow together. Some discourse analysts consider the larger discourse context in order to understand how it affects the meaning of the sentence. For example, Charles Fillmore points out that two sentences taken together as a single discourse can have meanings different from each one taken separately. To illustrate, he asks you to imagine two independent signs at a swimming pool: â€Å"Please use the toilet, not the pool,† says one. The other announces, â€Å"Pool for members only.† If you regard each sign independently, they seem quite reasonable. But taking them together as a single discourse makes you go back and revise your interpretation of the first sentence after you’ve read the second. Discourse and Frames ‘Reframing’ is a way to talk about going back and re-interpreting the meaning of the first sentence. Frame analysis is a type of discourse analysis that asks, What activity are speakers engaged in when they say this? What do they think they are doing by talking in this way at this time? Consider how hard it is to make sense of what you are hearing or reading if you don’t know who’s talking or what the general topic is. When you read a newspaper, you need to know whether you are reading a news story, an editorial, or an advertisement in order to properly interpret the text you are reading. Years ago, when Orson Welles’ radio play â€Å"The War of the Worlds† was broadcast, some listeners who tuned in late panicked, thinking they were hearing the actual end of the world. They mistook the frame for news instead of drama. Turn-taking Conversation is an enterprise in which one person speaks, and another listens. Discourse analysts who study conversation note that speakers have systems for determining when one person’s turn is over and the next person’s turn begins. This exchange of turns or ‘floors’ is signaled by such linguistic means as intonation, pausing, and phrasing. Some people await a clear pause before beginning to speak, but others assume that ‘winding down’ is an invitation to someone else to take the floor. When speakers have different assumptions about how turn exchanges are signaled, they may inadvertently interrupt or feel interrupted. On the other hand, speakers also frequently take the floor even though they know the other speaker has not invited them to do so. Listenership too may be signaled in different ways. Some people expect frequent nodding as well as listener feedback such as ‘mhm’, ‘uhuh’, and ‘yeah’. Less of this than you expect can create the impression that someone is not listening; more than you expect can give the impression that you are being rushed along. For some, eye contact is expected nearly continually; for others, it should only be intermittent. The type of listener response you get can change how you speak: If someone seems uninterested or uncomprehending (whether or not they truly are), you may slow down, repeat, or overexplain, giving the impression you are ‘talking down.’ Frederick Erickson has shown that this can occur in conversations between black and white speakers, because of different habits with regard to showing listenership. Discourse Markers ‘Discourse markers’ is the term linguists give to the little words like ‘well’, ‘oh’, ‘but’, and ‘and’ that break our speech up into parts and show the relation between parts. ‘Oh’ prepares the hearer for a surprising or just-remembered item, and ‘but’ indicates that sentence to follow is in opposition to the one before. However, these markers don’t necessarily mean what the dictionary says they mean. Some people use ‘and’ just to start a new thought, and some people put ‘but’ at the end of their sentences, as a way of trailing off gently. Realizing that these words can function as discourse markers is important to prevent the frustration that can be experienced if you expect every word to have its dictionary meaning every time it’s used. Speech Acts Speech act analysis asks not what form the utterance takes but what it does. Saying â€Å"I now pronounce you man and wife† enacts a marriage. Studying speech acts such as complimenting allows discourse analysts to ask what counts as a compliment, who gives compliments to whom, and what other function they can serve. For example, linguists have observed that women are more likely both to give compliments and to get them. There are also cultural differences; in India, politeness requires that if someone compliments one of your possessions, you should offer to give the item as a gift, so complimenting can be a way of asking for things. An Indian woman who had just met her son’s American wife was shocked to hear her new daughter-in-law praise her beautiful saris. She commented, â€Å"What kind of girl did he marry? She wants everything!† By comparing how people in different cultures use language, discourse analysts hope to make a contribution to improving cross-cult ural understanding. How to do a discourse analysis The first point to note is that in order to do a discourse analysis you need to have read a handful yourself first. By reading published articles that use the method, you will have a better understanding of (1) how to do an analysis and (2) some of the theoretical orientations that you will need to know to do your own analysis. Having identified a theory and a chosen item (text or recorded conversation) to analyse, you need to transcribe it in one of the accepted/published ways. The transcript must always appear in the appendices. There are many different forms of discourse analysis, so here we will focus on thematic analysis as an example. What is thematic analysis? Thematic analysis is about trying to identify meaningful categories or themes in a body of data. By looking at the text, the researcher asks whether a number of recurring themes can be abstracted about what is being said. For example, on one level you might find an inconsistency, an attempt to assign blame, an attempt to cite others to support one’s views, a regular interruption of other people, an attempt to make one’s account of some event sound more authentic, and so on. On another level, you might idenitify a regulalry occurring attribution of blame or the repeated reference to some specific cause of an event. The reference might take slightly different forms but refers to the same cause. An example might be football fans blaming various aspects of a player’s motivation for the failure of their team (e.g., â€Å"he gets so much money, doesn’t need to try†, â€Å"he looked as though he wasn’t bothered†, â€Å"he didn’t want the ball†, and so on). In the results section of the report, the themes abstracted are collated and reported on. In doing so, it is usual to cite from the transcription examples of the points you are trying to make. A summary of the findings can be offered but also a critique of the author’s own interpretations – this refers to the concept of ‘reflexivity’, that the author’s is only one interpretation of the text.