Violence Analysis Essay Example For Students

Violence Analysis Essay Violence in high schools is present in many places in the school. A survey was taken by five high schools. Both students and teachers were given maps to their schools and asked to identify where and when the most violent events and most dangerous places in the school were at. The participants, or the teachers and students were also asked to identify the ages and sexes of the people who committed the violent acts and of the people who they were committed against. Later the participants were questioned about why they thought these were the most dangerous areas and why these certain types of people committed the violent acts. The findings were that they mostly occurred in places such as hallways, dining areas, and parking lots. All of these places are where authority figures are not usually found. We will write a custom essay on Violence Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Also in the study they asked their opinions on security guards, suspensions, and objects such as video cameras. The purpose of this survey was to see if interventions should be made to heighten the sense of awareness between students and teachers about these places where problems most occur. As I said before the methods used to obtain this information was five surveys to five high schools. Since I have recently left the high school environment I believe that this study is one of relative importance. In my younger years of high school, basically my freshman and sophomore years, fights and violent acts occurred regularly. Usually around two a week. And they usually occurred in the same places. Junior things had drastically changed. I remember walking into school and going through a metal detector at the entrance of the school. At first I was somewhat offended but did feel safer. And as the year went on I noticed that fights were not occurring as much. I noticed that teachers were now standing outside their classes in the halls at breaks between classes, police were in the parking lots all the time and cameras were now at every corner. Although I felt like I was in a prison I asked the principal later that year how many fights had occurred. Remarkably finding that only three had occurred the entire year. I believe that this study relates very closely with my school.This article shows that by knowing where the dangerous areas are and improving student relations improves the well being of the entire school. And that by placing cameras and security guards at the designated, â€Å"dangerous areas†, many violent acts can be prevented if not stopped. I see a definite connection between this article and my high school. Because the changes were made the school environment was a safer place. All because the administration knew where the problems were occurring and how to stop themBibliography:

Challenges Project Teams Face Example

Challenges Project Teams Face Example Challenges Project Teams Face – Coursework Example Challenges Faced by Project Teams al Affiliation) Challenges Faced by Project Teams According to Kendrick, , everyproject team ought to formulate the lifecycle of a project. The steps in the lifecycle are dependent on each other for a project to achieve its projected targets. The challenges faced in one step significantly affects the next step; hence inhibiting the success of the project (Kendrick, 2011). The project involving Denver International Airport Baggage Handling System is a clear indication of the challenges that project teams undergo at every stage of the lifecycle. At the initiation level, the Project Charter is established (Kendrick, 2011). Project teams face the challenge of assessing whether the project is achievable. The project may prove to be more complex than the original plan. Underestimating the complexity levels might hinder the effectiveness of the planning stage. At the planning stage, the project management plan is formulated. Project teams may be required to change the requirements of the project if its complexity was under-estimated at its conception. This might involve adjusting the entire budget structure to cater for the additional project costs. At the execution stage, project deliverables are produced. Project teams may be faced with coordination issues. Lack of coordination may alter the execution of the project. If the project teams are unable to coordinate the project management plan, the project deliverables might be a shadow of the original plan. At the monitoring and controlling stage, the project teams are responsible for controlling any change arising while monitoring the project’s progress. They should ensure that the project is well handled to meet its set objectives. It is at this stage where project teams evaluate the performance of the systems implemented, and ensure that the operation costs are within the budget. At the closing stage, project teams ought to ensure that there is sufficient backup for the whol e project in case a review for the project is required. The project should only be wound up after it has been successful. The project teams ought to evaluate the actual life span of the project against the projected lifespan (Kendrick, 2011). The Denver Baggage Handling System was scrapped off since it was not successful.ReferenceKendrick, T. (2011). 101 project management problems and how to solve them: practical advice for handling real-world project challenges. New York: AMACOM, American Management Association.

Minimizing the Impact of a Natural Disaster - The Risk Mitigation Research Paper

Minimizing the Impact of a Natural Disaster - The Risk Mitigation Phase - Research Paper Example While FEMA and other government agencies will aid in the response and recovery phases of the disaster, the planning and initial response will largely be a function of local officials. The need for response and recovery can be greatly reduced by adequate planning and risk mitigation. The emergency planning manager will need to be highly skilled in a wide variety of disciplines to be effective. They will need intense knowledge in fields as diverse as geology, political science, and social theory. The purpose of this paper is to better prepare the disaster manager by examining the steps necessary to implement a risk mitigation program and what role it has in the planning for and responding to a natural disaster. Planning for, and responding to, a natural disaster will differ considerably from a man-made disaster. Natural disasters are somewhat predictable and foreseeable, happen based on natural patterns, and their effects can be anticipated. Typical disaster planning and response include the phases of risk assessment, mitigation, planning, response, and recovery. However, natural disasters tend to be overlooked when budgets are tight, the weather is clear, and there has not been a disaster in recent memory. The type and severity of disaster exposure will vary depending upon the geographical location and time of year. Communities may be exposed to hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, fires, volcanoes, or floods. Recent construction sites may be prone to landslides, erosion, and runoff. These threats are often neglected as "the core concept of risk arising from natural hazards is not a fundamental mode of thinking or discourse for policymaking, and in addition is greatly overshadowed nowadays by the issue of terrorism" (Basher, 2008, p.938).  

Testing the use of the checklist in the operation room Essay

Testing the use of the checklist in the operation room - Essay Example This study evaluated the use of the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist, that impact of operating room briefings on coordination of care. Data were prospectively collected in the cesarean section OR with C’ section patients and the outcome of eleven cases of patients undergoing this operation was gathered and analyzed after direct observation of the OR checklist was applied . Findings suggested that in the general operation room, the checklist was used. In contrast, in the operation room of the labor department,the checklist tool was not used . To increase the probability of achieving patient safety and minimal errors when implementing the use of checklist tool, such as World Health Organization’s Surgical Safety Checklist, the integration between OR members of the different professions and teamwork must be enhanced. Key words: checklist, WHO surgical safety checklist. . Introduction and statement of the problem The nursing leadership needed to evaluate the possibility of edu cating all the healthcare professionals on the use of a safety checklist and to gain an increased awareness of the challenges and solutions connect with such an effort. The obstetric patient safety CNS at Johns Hopkins Hospital wanted to study the reasons why the OR checklist was not being used. ... It also helps to improve communication and guarantee safe and standardized procedure, by this means minimizing error. Overcoming barrier to implementation of the checklist in the OR was growing. Lack of using the checklist therefore led to the increase of the above mentioned defects. The organization started testing the checklist over a year ago and they provided information for all caregivers teams regarding their attitudes toward the use of a surgical checklist. Still not all team members related that they were aware of the checklist and its purpose and they were not using the resource. The use of the checklist did not become part of the culture of the unit. Some team members were / and are resistant to checklists. Support for use of apre-operative checklist to increase patient safety has been described. In a study by Nilsson, Lindbergt, Gupta &Vegfros (2010), staff awareness of the benefit of the use of a checklist and attitudes towards the use of a checklist improved after one ye ar. Assessment Organizational need According to JHU nursing leadership, there was a need for all OB and OR team members know each other as the research supported that this would make people more willing to speak up if they perceived a certain problem during the case. The team members also needed to have a shared mental model regarding the scope of the case and the plan of care for the patient after the case. It was viewed that most nurses did not make good use of the checklist. The use of the checklist also goes a long way in helping the nurses remember to cover all the basics. This is because not everyone has the ability to memorize all that is required. The operating rooms are highly procedural environments that require surgical teams to be very meticulous (Hayes, 2012). Clinical

Report on International Issues in ther Hospitality Industry Essay

Report on International Issues in ther Hospitality Industry - Essay Example The competition has been intense like never before and the flow of information is regarded as the key decision making factor. The hospitality industry has also not been as exception either. The overall industry of hospitality has experienced paradigm shifts. As it happens with the service industry, the physical environment and the people have been instrumental for the growth and development of the companies that are into the hospitality industry. The other crucial factor that has been immensely important for the success of the companies in this industry has been the continuous research and innovation. The report studies the essence of innovation in the hospitality industry. There is a long pending debate upon the need and the essence of innovation in the hospitality industry. Many of the experts in the domain of hospitality industry are of the view that the increased focus upon the innovation enhances the cost by huge extent. According to them, the increased cost is no match for the rise in expected revenue and therefore, there is no point in focusing on continuous innovation. But the present day industry thinks in a different way altogether. As the industry has become too dynamic, the market leaders believe that it is no longer possible to meet the changing needs of the customer through the age old traditional methods. The three major factors that shape the need of innovation are as follows: The hotel managers often struggle to differentiate their products or services from that of their competitors. This is so because all the competing hotels produce and cater identical products and the services like lodging and fooding. The onus lies upon the individual hotels to present them in a differentiated way in front of the target group of customers and innovation facilitates the process. There is almost no doubt about the fact that the needs of the customers are changing fast. The life has become

Effect of Globalization and Commercialization on Sports

Effect of Globalization and Commercialization on Sports â€Å" Critically evaluate how globalizing and commercial forces have influenced sports generally and football especially. You should also include in your analysis the influence of globilization and commercialization on the management and governance of organizations in light of Stewart and Smith’s (1999) unique features of sport. You should discuss the implications of these changes on the management of sporting organizations. You must be critical rather than descriptive in your analysis and refer to theory wherever possible† This paper seeks to present how commercialization and globalization have affected sports industry in our days and how sport managers have to respond to these two factors. Sports always were concerning human communities, and were at the centre of human activities. At the early 590 BC the Greek athletes were financially rewarded for an Olympic victory-winning (Harris, 1964). â€Å"Sports has not always had such an international flavour. Sports first spread across international borders through imperialistic efforts. As countries such as Great Britain colonised various areas throughout the world, sport was used to impose the conquerors culture on the colonised land† ( Masteralexis, Barr and Hums,1998, p.210). Nowdays sports attract the public interest and â€Å"Modern sports and modern mass media are both multibillion-dollar businesses. Elite sports cannot function as they do without the mass media to publicize and underwrite them. The huge market for sports equipment and team-related merchandise is to a large extent sustained by the medias 24-hour-a-day sports coverage, and the economic infrastructure of the mass media depends to a considerable extent on the capacity of sports to create large, loyal cohorts of readers, listeners, viewers, and interactive consumers† (http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-253580). Sport is a main interest in modern societies as more and more people participate like ever before. This massive growth of sport interest and activities has drove to main changes the major characteristics of sport. These changes that characterize sport are related to social changes as â€Å"among these changes some trends may be identified. First, sporting activities in western countries are characterized by a trend toward pluralisation i.e. by the increase in the number of sports that are practiced. At the same time sport activities know a process of diversification and differentiation: recreational, competitive and professional sports are becoming more and more separated. Second, sport activities are subject to a growing individualism. Sport is more and more seen as an option for an individual. The general ideology concerning sport has moved â€Å"from sport as a collective right to sport as an individual option† leading to the adoption of the principle of â€Å"let the user pay†. Individualism and pluralization may be seen as the cause of a trend toward the â€Å"marketization† (or commercialization ) of sport. In effect, sport is among the fastest growing leisure markets. All sorts of sport, and not only top sport are characterized by a growing involvement of money.† ( Enjolas, 2001). â€Å"Today, sport is big business and big businesses are heavily involved in sport. Athletes in the major spectator sports are marketable commodities, sports teams are traded on the stock market, sponsorship rights at major events can cost millions of dollars, network television stations pay large fees to broadcast games, and the merchandising and licensing of sporting goods is a major multi- national business. These trends are not just restricted to professional athletes and events, many of them are equally applicable to the so-called amateur sports† (Slack, 1998). Here is a selection of some examples that certificate the above : â€Å"a report published by Deloitte & Touche and Sport-Business Group has revealed that Manchester United heads football’s rich list with a turn over of 117m pounds. It is based upon turnover season 1999-2000. In the 2nd is Real Madrid with turnover of 103.7m. pounds.†, â€Å"Kellogg has signed its biggest ever UK sports sponsorship deal. It is linking its Nutri-Grain brand with Rugby League’s Challenge Cup. Kellogg will invest more than 1 million pounds into the sponsorship.† , â€Å"Musicians, sports stars and actors are rapidly overhauling established business tycoons as some America’s wealthiest young people.†, â€Å"Hays and Robertson is planning a two-way floating International Brands Licensing, the Admiral and Mountain Equipment brand business on Aim in June 2002, in an attempt to raise its market value to 11.5 m. pounds. Hays and Robertson will then join with Sky in a deal to sell England kits and other football kits later on in the year and focus on purchasing licenses for other brands for UK distribution.†(as cited in Beech and Chadwick, 2004, p. 8-9). Also as cited in McGaughey and Liesch (2002) ague that, â€Å"†¦ sport has gradually commercialized through the growth of spectatorship, with revenues being generated via gate-takings and activities such as on-course betting (Rowe, 1996). While the advent of ‘live’ broadcasting and the commentary of sports through radio and television initially resulted in declining revenue for sporting bodies, popular sports have increasingly entered more economically rewarding contracts with television interests, with ‘the negotiation of television contracts rapidly becoming the biggest issue in the game’†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p.384). According to Beech and Chadwick (2004), the development of a sport as a business is characterized by a sequence of phases. These phases are: the foundation of the sport, its codification, stratification, professionalisation, , post-professionalisation, commercialization and post-commercialization. The commercialization of a sport involves the development of an â€Å"overtly business context, external organizations see the opportunity of using the sport for their own purposes, typically marketing in the forms of sponsorship – involving governing bodies, leagues and clubs – and endorsement – involving players. If the sport organizations, leagues and clubs are inept in their management of the greatly increased financial revenues which become available, they will become available, they will come under pressure to the extent that some professional clubs in particular may be forced out of existence† (p.6). The commercialization in the English soccer began at the end of 1960, when Texaco (an oil company) and Watneys (a brewery) offered sponsorship to cups (Beech and Chadwick, 2004). â€Å" †¦by the end of the 1990s commercialization had become firmly embedded across the whole of the top leagues as well as the FA, with sponsorship of a range of events and facilities, including individual stadia, common practice. Clubs websites had become integrated with betting companies, mobile phone companies and other external organisations, typically offering directly soccer-related services. Weaker (in terms of financial success) clubs have faced major pressures such as being forced into administration.† (p.7). Some examples that present the commercialization in the 1990s are â€Å"†¦ between January 1993 and January 1997, shares in football sector rose 774per cent, outperforming stock market by a factor of 10.†( Marrow, 1999), â€Å"†¦18 month period between 1995 and 1996, shares in Manchester United and Tottenham rose 336 per cent and 368 per cent respectively.† (Marrow, 1999), â€Å"many individuals made slot of money from stock market floatation as Hall Family (Newcastle): 3m 1989-1992- sold a 41.6 per cent stake for 55m. pounds.† (Walters G, 2008, Lecture 1, Birkbeck notes). The commercialization of the sports has led to the commercial consumer income e.g. shirt sales, the commercial sponsorship income e.g. shirt sponsorship, the stadia development, the increasing of supporters-fans, matches are scheduled for tv audience, the merchandising have become more aggressive, expensive and targeted, the tickets price is higher (Walters G, 2008, Lecture 1, Birkbeck notes). Here are some comments about the commercialization in football: â€Å" One of the reasons the fanzines are not encouraged is because the clubs fear any threat, small or large, to their complete control of merchandising income. Clearly fans want to identify with their clubs and if control also means ensuring that certain basic standards of product and service are met then that’s not necessarily a bad thing†¦the trouble lies with the way that merchandising has taken over at the expense of developing almost any other form of identification with the club† (Perryman, 1997, p.6), à ¢â‚¬Å"this should have been a golden age, a perfect time to be a football supporter. Heysel and Hillsborough were in the past. We had seen off the hooligans and nearly all the fences. Where we were once the enemy within, we were now the height of fashion†¦ tv programmes, plays and even opera took an interest†¦ football shirts were everywhere. There was a boom†¦ this should have been everything we ever wanted. Instead, just when it was, at last, all right to be a football fan, everything went sour†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ( Horton, 1997, exploitation 13-14). â€Å"Globalization can be described as a process by which the people of the world are unified into a single society. This process is a combination of economic, technological, sociocultural and political forces† (Wikipedia, 2008). â€Å"In sports, globalization does not mean promoting international games and joining test matches or international competitions. It is a temporary event with minimal lasting effects and therefore is just called internationalization. The globalization of sports intimidates sports organizations that hold the right of franchise in these countries. So, it is a big problem for the professional associations, like those in baseball and soccer in Japan and in Korea and basketball in the Philippines. Sports management is something that is not directly related to globalization.   But, today, due to the wide coverage of media and the popularity of sports, globalization is an inevitable issue, even for the local sports organizations. The international sports enterprises are always looking for a chance to invade a new market, and in this sense, sports is very similar to agricultural and industrial products† (http://ccs.cla.kobe-u.ac.jp/staff/amano/WWW/amano.html, 2008). Also â€Å"the global development of sport has also accelerated from the 1980s. For example, one can find the flows from country to country of sports goods, equipment, and landscapes have grown such as the development of the media-sport production complex and projects images to global audiences.†(Lee and Lin, 2007, â€Å"the Sport Journal†). According to Masteralexis, Barr and Hums (1998), â€Å"Sport is subject to many of the same forces that are increasing the global distribution of consumer and entertainment products today† (p.209) as sports are affected by international influences as athletes play professionally in foreign countries, people watch sport events from other countries and they consume products of foreign teams. The sports industry like the general business, have realized that they have to expand their boundaries in order to sell their products in the global marketplace, by creating â€Å"products that they have the same appeal and generate the same demand in all corners of the world† (p.212) considering the different cultures, laws, languages, customs, traditions. â€Å"Efforts in globalizing the sport product can be seen on two fronts: 1. corporations are attempting to utilize the sport theme and sport products to enter the international marketplace and 2. professional sport leagues are attempting to spread the popularity of their leagues and associated products (televised games, licensed sport products, etc. ) overseas† (p.213). As an example â€Å"†¦many sport leagues, particularly those in North America, have sought out global markets through expanding television broadcasting and licensing, and by developing new leagues to introduce their specific sports to new geographic areas (Rushin, 1993). The most obvious example of this is the World League of American Football (NFL Europe) which despite financial losses, is seen as a means to introduce the professional football product to Europe, and expand television interests (King, 1996). In this way, professional sport leagues seeks out new revenue opportunities in many different markets†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( Mason, 1999, p.406). Trenberh and Collins, 1994, suggested five â€Å"manifest market conditions† that affects the sports industry and the sports managers work: â€Å"1.a trend toward a increased professionalism in leisure and sports organizations 2. continued development of commercial forms of sport 3. maturation and normalization of career structures in leisure and sport 4. a mounting awareness of the need for fiscal accountability in the public and non-profit sectors and 5. the targeting of management skills by government as a way of enhancing sport systems ‘effectiveness’† (p.276). According to Boucher(1998), â€Å"†¦there is n question that the field of Sports Management has grown and developed at a rapid race, particularly over the past decade. Concurrent with this growth have been advancements made by professional and academic associations, formed to further needs of a variety of individuals who are affiliated with Sports Management†. Sport managers have to be aware of the changes that impact their work environment and have to be capable of knowing the new technology, which affects the sports industry and have to understand that sport and sport management as a whole, is growing as a popularity worldwide and sport managers themselves should learn, understand and respect the â€Å"differences when dealing in the international sport marketplace† (Masteralexis, Barr and Hums, 1998, p. 36), â€Å" †¦ it is imperative that sport managers understand the issues surrounding the governance and management of international sport†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Masteralexis, Barr and Hums, 1998, p. 213). In order to manage the sport product, sport managers should always consider that: â€Å"1. the sport product is intangible and subjective making it difficult to ensure costumer satisfaction 2. the sport product is inconsistent and unpredictable 3. the sport product is a perishable commodity, developed in anticipation of demand and produced and consumed simultaneously 4. aspects of financing and budgeting for sports organizations differ from those of a typical business 5. for a manager there is a highly complex network of stakeholders ranging from government agencies to sponsors, volunteers and members 6. sport enterprises earn significant income from sources extraneous to the sale of the service(e.g. sponsorship and television rights) 7. managers of sport leagues must heighten competition to be successful, not eliminate it† (Trenberth, Collins, 1999, p.20). In addition the role of marketing is very important for a sport manager, in order to attract consumers, as marketing helps : 1. to guide a sporting organization in its selection of the â€Å"sport product† and its target costumers 2. to identify and monitor the activities of business competitors 3. to develop and implement promotional strategies 3. to develop and implement distribution strategies 4. to coordinate the research and information needed to carry out the marketing functions(above), audit their performance and help ensure their repeated success. (Trenberth, Collins, 1999, p.218). Sports managers need to understand also the strong need of : 1. financial management 2. share and stock market 3. mergers and acquisitions 4. sports law, commercial and international law 5. TV rights and EU law in European cases( Trenberth, Collins, 1999, p.279). Conclusion This paper has sought to highlight how commercialization and globalization has changed the worldwide picture of sports. As we can conclude a sport manager, in order to be competitive in the global marketplace and in order to be able to react to the changes of the international rules of commercialization have to be aware of the needs of the market and â€Å"consumers†-fans that address. According to Markle(1997), (as cited in Trenberth, Collins, 1999, p.281), â€Å"†¦sports managers need to understand the nature of the business and the disposition of the consumer through demographics, psychographics, socioeconomics, etc†¦sports managers need to built their business, the product and the perception of the product to be attractive and appealing †¦ to built relationships with sponsors, to learn their business needs and become an agency rather than a salesperson. They should under-promise and over-deliver†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Also we should always have in mind what Robert L. Boucher (1998, p.79) suggests : â€Å" call me naà ¯ve, but it is possible that today’s promoters of commercialism in sport have become intoxicated by sponsorship revenues? †¦is it right for a sport manager only to be conduit by which a sponsor can achieve greater market penetration? My contention is simply that in our quest for legitimation, we may have sold our souls to the interests of big business. It can be argued that much of what comprises the Sport Management domain is not related to business and producing entertainment for profit. In fact, a large percentage of sport enterprises in the global community are of an amateur nature where the motives of participants, spectators and administrators are of a more altruistic nature. Perhaps Chelladurai’s (1992) observation that there are really, in fact, two fields, that management of human services in sport and management of entertainment services through out spor t, is entirely accurate. In any event, the need to return in a balance in orientation and to refocus has never been more pressing†. References Beech J. & Chadwick S. (2004), â€Å"The Business of Sport Management†, Ashford Colour Press, Gosport Boucher R. (Journal of Sports Management,1998, 12,76-85), â€Å"Towards Achieving a Focal Point for Sport Management : A Binocular Perspecive†, Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc Encyclopedia of Britannica, on line, 2008. from http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-253580/sports Enjolras B, â€Å"Commercialization and the voluntary organization of sport:the Norwegian model under pressure?†, Paper prepared for the Seminar â€Å"idrett, samfunn og frivillig organisering†, NFR, 9-10/01/20011, from http://web.bi.no/forskning/isforg.nsf/62af2dc31b641632c12566f30039282c/6dd187f9b8d0a3c3c125696f003d6d3a/$FILE/Enjolras.PDF Harris, H.A. (1964). Greek athletes and athletics. London: Hutchinson. Lee and Lin, (2007). â€Å"The Global Flows of International Professional Baseball System†, from http://www.thesportjournal.org/2007Journal/Vol10-No4/07ping-chao.asp Mason D.(1999). â€Å"What is the sports product and who buys it? The marketing of professional sport leagues†. European Journal of Marketing, Vol.33, No.  ¾, 1999, pp. 402-418 Masteralexis L., Barr C., Hums M., (1998), â€Å"Principles And Practice of Sports Management†, United State of America :Aspen Publishers McGaughey S. and Liesch P. (2002). â€Å"The global sports-media nexus: reflexctions on the ‘super league saga’ in Australia†, Journal of Management Studies 39:3, may 2002. USA: Blackwell Publishers Professional Sports in Globalization: A Comparative Study of the Japanese Baseball and the Philippine Basketball†, from http://ccs.cla.kobe-u.ac.jp/staff/amano/WWW/amano.html Slack T., (1998). Studying the commercialization of sport: The need for critical analysis. From http://physed.otago.ac.nz/sosol/v1i1/v1i1a6.htm Trenberth L., Collins C. ( 1999), â€Å"Sport Business Management in New Zealand†, New Zealand: The Dunmore Press Walters G., (2008), from the lesson â€Å"The economics and governance of professional football†, Lecture 1 â€Å"the business of football: an historical perspective†, Birkbeck notes Wikipedia, 2008, from www.wikipedia.com Effect of Globalization and Commercialization on Sports Effect of Globalization and Commercialization on Sports â€Å" Critically evaluate how globalizing and commercial forces have influenced sports generally and football especially. You should also include in your analysis the influence of globilization and commercialization on the management and governance of organizations in light of Stewart and Smith’s (1999) unique features of sport. You should discuss the implications of these changes on the management of sporting organizations. You must be critical rather than descriptive in your analysis and refer to theory wherever possible† This paper seeks to present how commercialization and globalization have affected sports industry in our days and how sport managers have to respond to these two factors. Sports always were concerning human communities, and were at the centre of human activities. At the early 590 BC the Greek athletes were financially rewarded for an Olympic victory-winning (Harris, 1964). â€Å"Sports has not always had such an international flavour. Sports first spread across international borders through imperialistic efforts. As countries such as Great Britain colonised various areas throughout the world, sport was used to impose the conquerors culture on the colonised land† ( Masteralexis, Barr and Hums,1998, p.210). Nowdays sports attract the public interest and â€Å"Modern sports and modern mass media are both multibillion-dollar businesses. Elite sports cannot function as they do without the mass media to publicize and underwrite them. The huge market for sports equipment and team-related merchandise is to a large extent sustained by the medias 24-hour-a-day sports coverage, and the economic infrastructure of the mass media depends to a considerable extent on the capacity of sports to create large, loyal cohorts of readers, listeners, viewers, and interactive consumers† (http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-253580). Sport is a main interest in modern societies as more and more people participate like ever before. This massive growth of sport interest and activities has drove to main changes the major characteristics of sport. These changes that characterize sport are related to social changes as â€Å"among these changes some trends may be identified. First, sporting activities in western countries are characterized by a trend toward pluralisation i.e. by the increase in the number of sports that are practiced. At the same time sport activities know a process of diversification and differentiation: recreational, competitive and professional sports are becoming more and more separated. Second, sport activities are subject to a growing individualism. Sport is more and more seen as an option for an individual. The general ideology concerning sport has moved â€Å"from sport as a collective right to sport as an individual option† leading to the adoption of the principle of â€Å"let the user pay†. Individualism and pluralization may be seen as the cause of a trend toward the â€Å"marketization† (or commercialization ) of sport. In effect, sport is among the fastest growing leisure markets. All sorts of sport, and not only top sport are characterized by a growing involvement of money.† ( Enjolas, 2001). â€Å"Today, sport is big business and big businesses are heavily involved in sport. Athletes in the major spectator sports are marketable commodities, sports teams are traded on the stock market, sponsorship rights at major events can cost millions of dollars, network television stations pay large fees to broadcast games, and the merchandising and licensing of sporting goods is a major multi- national business. These trends are not just restricted to professional athletes and events, many of them are equally applicable to the so-called amateur sports† (Slack, 1998). Here is a selection of some examples that certificate the above : â€Å"a report published by Deloitte & Touche and Sport-Business Group has revealed that Manchester United heads football’s rich list with a turn over of 117m pounds. It is based upon turnover season 1999-2000. In the 2nd is Real Madrid with turnover of 103.7m. pounds.†, â€Å"Kellogg has signed its biggest ever UK sports sponsorship deal. It is linking its Nutri-Grain brand with Rugby League’s Challenge Cup. Kellogg will invest more than 1 million pounds into the sponsorship.† , â€Å"Musicians, sports stars and actors are rapidly overhauling established business tycoons as some America’s wealthiest young people.†, â€Å"Hays and Robertson is planning a two-way floating International Brands Licensing, the Admiral and Mountain Equipment brand business on Aim in June 2002, in an attempt to raise its market value to 11.5 m. pounds. Hays and Robertson will then join with Sky in a deal to sell England kits and other football kits later on in the year and focus on purchasing licenses for other brands for UK distribution.†(as cited in Beech and Chadwick, 2004, p. 8-9). Also as cited in McGaughey and Liesch (2002) ague that, â€Å"†¦ sport has gradually commercialized through the growth of spectatorship, with revenues being generated via gate-takings and activities such as on-course betting (Rowe, 1996). While the advent of ‘live’ broadcasting and the commentary of sports through radio and television initially resulted in declining revenue for sporting bodies, popular sports have increasingly entered more economically rewarding contracts with television interests, with ‘the negotiation of television contracts rapidly becoming the biggest issue in the game’†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p.384). According to Beech and Chadwick (2004), the development of a sport as a business is characterized by a sequence of phases. These phases are: the foundation of the sport, its codification, stratification, professionalisation, , post-professionalisation, commercialization and post-commercialization. The commercialization of a sport involves the development of an â€Å"overtly business context, external organizations see the opportunity of using the sport for their own purposes, typically marketing in the forms of sponsorship – involving governing bodies, leagues and clubs – and endorsement – involving players. If the sport organizations, leagues and clubs are inept in their management of the greatly increased financial revenues which become available, they will become available, they will come under pressure to the extent that some professional clubs in particular may be forced out of existence† (p.6). The commercialization in the English soccer began at the end of 1960, when Texaco (an oil company) and Watneys (a brewery) offered sponsorship to cups (Beech and Chadwick, 2004). â€Å" †¦by the end of the 1990s commercialization had become firmly embedded across the whole of the top leagues as well as the FA, with sponsorship of a range of events and facilities, including individual stadia, common practice. Clubs websites had become integrated with betting companies, mobile phone companies and other external organisations, typically offering directly soccer-related services. Weaker (in terms of financial success) clubs have faced major pressures such as being forced into administration.† (p.7). Some examples that present the commercialization in the 1990s are â€Å"†¦ between January 1993 and January 1997, shares in football sector rose 774per cent, outperforming stock market by a factor of 10.†( Marrow, 1999), â€Å"†¦18 month period between 1995 and 1996, shares in Manchester United and Tottenham rose 336 per cent and 368 per cent respectively.† (Marrow, 1999), â€Å"many individuals made slot of money from stock market floatation as Hall Family (Newcastle): 3m 1989-1992- sold a 41.6 per cent stake for 55m. pounds.† (Walters G, 2008, Lecture 1, Birkbeck notes). The commercialization of the sports has led to the commercial consumer income e.g. shirt sales, the commercial sponsorship income e.g. shirt sponsorship, the stadia development, the increasing of supporters-fans, matches are scheduled for tv audience, the merchandising have become more aggressive, expensive and targeted, the tickets price is higher (Walters G, 2008, Lecture 1, Birkbeck notes). Here are some comments about the commercialization in football: â€Å" One of the reasons the fanzines are not encouraged is because the clubs fear any threat, small or large, to their complete control of merchandising income. Clearly fans want to identify with their clubs and if control also means ensuring that certain basic standards of product and service are met then that’s not necessarily a bad thing†¦the trouble lies with the way that merchandising has taken over at the expense of developing almost any other form of identification with the club† (Perryman, 1997, p.6), à ¢â‚¬Å"this should have been a golden age, a perfect time to be a football supporter. Heysel and Hillsborough were in the past. We had seen off the hooligans and nearly all the fences. Where we were once the enemy within, we were now the height of fashion†¦ tv programmes, plays and even opera took an interest†¦ football shirts were everywhere. There was a boom†¦ this should have been everything we ever wanted. Instead, just when it was, at last, all right to be a football fan, everything went sour†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ( Horton, 1997, exploitation 13-14). â€Å"Globalization can be described as a process by which the people of the world are unified into a single society. This process is a combination of economic, technological, sociocultural and political forces† (Wikipedia, 2008). â€Å"In sports, globalization does not mean promoting international games and joining test matches or international competitions. It is a temporary event with minimal lasting effects and therefore is just called internationalization. The globalization of sports intimidates sports organizations that hold the right of franchise in these countries. So, it is a big problem for the professional associations, like those in baseball and soccer in Japan and in Korea and basketball in the Philippines. Sports management is something that is not directly related to globalization.   But, today, due to the wide coverage of media and the popularity of sports, globalization is an inevitable issue, even for the local sports organizations. The international sports enterprises are always looking for a chance to invade a new market, and in this sense, sports is very similar to agricultural and industrial products† (http://ccs.cla.kobe-u.ac.jp/staff/amano/WWW/amano.html, 2008). Also â€Å"the global development of sport has also accelerated from the 1980s. For example, one can find the flows from country to country of sports goods, equipment, and landscapes have grown such as the development of the media-sport production complex and projects images to global audiences.†(Lee and Lin, 2007, â€Å"the Sport Journal†). According to Masteralexis, Barr and Hums (1998), â€Å"Sport is subject to many of the same forces that are increasing the global distribution of consumer and entertainment products today† (p.209) as sports are affected by international influences as athletes play professionally in foreign countries, people watch sport events from other countries and they consume products of foreign teams. The sports industry like the general business, have realized that they have to expand their boundaries in order to sell their products in the global marketplace, by creating â€Å"products that they have the same appeal and generate the same demand in all corners of the world† (p.212) considering the different cultures, laws, languages, customs, traditions. â€Å"Efforts in globalizing the sport product can be seen on two fronts: 1. corporations are attempting to utilize the sport theme and sport products to enter the international marketplace and 2. professional sport leagues are attempting to spread the popularity of their leagues and associated products (televised games, licensed sport products, etc. ) overseas† (p.213). As an example â€Å"†¦many sport leagues, particularly those in North America, have sought out global markets through expanding television broadcasting and licensing, and by developing new leagues to introduce their specific sports to new geographic areas (Rushin, 1993). The most obvious example of this is the World League of American Football (NFL Europe) which despite financial losses, is seen as a means to introduce the professional football product to Europe, and expand television interests (King, 1996). In this way, professional sport leagues seeks out new revenue opportunities in many different markets†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( Mason, 1999, p.406). Trenberh and Collins, 1994, suggested five â€Å"manifest market conditions† that affects the sports industry and the sports managers work: â€Å"1.a trend toward a increased professionalism in leisure and sports organizations 2. continued development of commercial forms of sport 3. maturation and normalization of career structures in leisure and sport 4. a mounting awareness of the need for fiscal accountability in the public and non-profit sectors and 5. the targeting of management skills by government as a way of enhancing sport systems ‘effectiveness’† (p.276). According to Boucher(1998), â€Å"†¦there is n question that the field of Sports Management has grown and developed at a rapid race, particularly over the past decade. Concurrent with this growth have been advancements made by professional and academic associations, formed to further needs of a variety of individuals who are affiliated with Sports Management†. Sport managers have to be aware of the changes that impact their work environment and have to be capable of knowing the new technology, which affects the sports industry and have to understand that sport and sport management as a whole, is growing as a popularity worldwide and sport managers themselves should learn, understand and respect the â€Å"differences when dealing in the international sport marketplace† (Masteralexis, Barr and Hums, 1998, p. 36), â€Å" †¦ it is imperative that sport managers understand the issues surrounding the governance and management of international sport†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Masteralexis, Barr and Hums, 1998, p. 213). In order to manage the sport product, sport managers should always consider that: â€Å"1. the sport product is intangible and subjective making it difficult to ensure costumer satisfaction 2. the sport product is inconsistent and unpredictable 3. the sport product is a perishable commodity, developed in anticipation of demand and produced and consumed simultaneously 4. aspects of financing and budgeting for sports organizations differ from those of a typical business 5. for a manager there is a highly complex network of stakeholders ranging from government agencies to sponsors, volunteers and members 6. sport enterprises earn significant income from sources extraneous to the sale of the service(e.g. sponsorship and television rights) 7. managers of sport leagues must heighten competition to be successful, not eliminate it† (Trenberth, Collins, 1999, p.20). In addition the role of marketing is very important for a sport manager, in order to attract consumers, as marketing helps : 1. to guide a sporting organization in its selection of the â€Å"sport product† and its target costumers 2. to identify and monitor the activities of business competitors 3. to develop and implement promotional strategies 3. to develop and implement distribution strategies 4. to coordinate the research and information needed to carry out the marketing functions(above), audit their performance and help ensure their repeated success. (Trenberth, Collins, 1999, p.218). Sports managers need to understand also the strong need of : 1. financial management 2. share and stock market 3. mergers and acquisitions 4. sports law, commercial and international law 5. TV rights and EU law in European cases( Trenberth, Collins, 1999, p.279). Conclusion This paper has sought to highlight how commercialization and globalization has changed the worldwide picture of sports. As we can conclude a sport manager, in order to be competitive in the global marketplace and in order to be able to react to the changes of the international rules of commercialization have to be aware of the needs of the market and â€Å"consumers†-fans that address. According to Markle(1997), (as cited in Trenberth, Collins, 1999, p.281), â€Å"†¦sports managers need to understand the nature of the business and the disposition of the consumer through demographics, psychographics, socioeconomics, etc†¦sports managers need to built their business, the product and the perception of the product to be attractive and appealing †¦ to built relationships with sponsors, to learn their business needs and become an agency rather than a salesperson. They should under-promise and over-deliver†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Also we should always have in mind what Robert L. Boucher (1998, p.79) suggests : â€Å" call me naà ¯ve, but it is possible that today’s promoters of commercialism in sport have become intoxicated by sponsorship revenues? †¦is it right for a sport manager only to be conduit by which a sponsor can achieve greater market penetration? My contention is simply that in our quest for legitimation, we may have sold our souls to the interests of big business. It can be argued that much of what comprises the Sport Management domain is not related to business and producing entertainment for profit. In fact, a large percentage of sport enterprises in the global community are of an amateur nature where the motives of participants, spectators and administrators are of a more altruistic nature. Perhaps Chelladurai’s (1992) observation that there are really, in fact, two fields, that management of human services in sport and management of entertainment services through out spor t, is entirely accurate. In any event, the need to return in a balance in orientation and to refocus has never been more pressing†. References Beech J. & Chadwick S. (2004), â€Å"The Business of Sport Management†, Ashford Colour Press, Gosport Boucher R. (Journal of Sports Management,1998, 12,76-85), â€Å"Towards Achieving a Focal Point for Sport Management : A Binocular Perspecive†, Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc Encyclopedia of Britannica, on line, 2008. from http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-253580/sports Enjolras B, â€Å"Commercialization and the voluntary organization of sport:the Norwegian model under pressure?†, Paper prepared for the Seminar â€Å"idrett, samfunn og frivillig organisering†, NFR, 9-10/01/20011, from http://web.bi.no/forskning/isforg.nsf/62af2dc31b641632c12566f30039282c/6dd187f9b8d0a3c3c125696f003d6d3a/$FILE/Enjolras.PDF Harris, H.A. (1964). Greek athletes and athletics. London: Hutchinson. Lee and Lin, (2007). â€Å"The Global Flows of International Professional Baseball System†, from http://www.thesportjournal.org/2007Journal/Vol10-No4/07ping-chao.asp Mason D.(1999). â€Å"What is the sports product and who buys it? The marketing of professional sport leagues†. European Journal of Marketing, Vol.33, No.  ¾, 1999, pp. 402-418 Masteralexis L., Barr C., Hums M., (1998), â€Å"Principles And Practice of Sports Management†, United State of America :Aspen Publishers McGaughey S. and Liesch P. (2002). â€Å"The global sports-media nexus: reflexctions on the ‘super league saga’ in Australia†, Journal of Management Studies 39:3, may 2002. USA: Blackwell Publishers Professional Sports in Globalization: A Comparative Study of the Japanese Baseball and the Philippine Basketball†, from http://ccs.cla.kobe-u.ac.jp/staff/amano/WWW/amano.html Slack T., (1998). Studying the commercialization of sport: The need for critical analysis. From http://physed.otago.ac.nz/sosol/v1i1/v1i1a6.htm Trenberth L., Collins C. ( 1999), â€Å"Sport Business Management in New Zealand†, New Zealand: The Dunmore Press Walters G., (2008), from the lesson â€Å"The economics and governance of professional football†, Lecture 1 â€Å"the business of football: an historical perspective†, Birkbeck notes Wikipedia, 2008, from www.wikipedia.com

Population Control in China Essay -- Essayas Papers

Population Control in China â€Å"Vigilantes abduct pregnant women on the streets and haul them off, sometimes handcuffed or trussed, to abortion clinics. [Some] aborted babies cry when they are born (Steven Mosher).† This quotation shows one method how China tries to carry through its population control in a manner which is very cruel and against human rights. We, Western people, do not understand why China needs a population control and why this control has to be carried out so harshly. But why had China to control its population? From 1949 on, Mao Zedong feared war with the United States or the Soviet Union. â€Å"China’s millions [of people] were the country’s primary weapon against technologically superior enemies.† The Chinese population grew explosively, with a growth rate of more than 2% per year until 1970. Deng Xiaoping saw the problem in the population explosion and invented the one-child family in 1979. 1981 the one-child policy was introduced nationwide. This policy was effective in the cities, but in the rural areas the goal of minimizing population growth was unsuccessful. But why did the one-child policy work in cities and not in rural areas? The problem in China is the desire for having a male descendant. Every Chinese family wants to have one boy to continue their family name. In rural families the desire for sons is even higher because boys have more workforce than girls, and rural families needed the workforce for maintaining their farms. Because of the urge to have a son, many baby girls were killed or given to orphanages after they were born. In the mid 80s infanticide of girls was so high that the government loosened its one-child policy a little bit for rural families. According to the new policy, rural famili... ...ingly to the Chinese Prime Minister Zhu Rongji (1999), â€Å"China will continue to enforce its effective family planning policy in the new century in order to create a favorable environment for further development.† The one-child policy will probably be carried out until 2050. Bibliography: Xiaokang, Su; Xue, Yuan. â€Å"The humanitarian and technical dilemmas of population control in China.† Journal of International Affairs, Winter 96 http://www.indiana.edu/~easc/pages/easc/curriculum/china/1995/geography/lessoon6/rl.htm http://www.pop.org/china http://www.geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa092799.htm?once=true& http://www.hhs.se/EIJS/anomaly/COneKid.htm Graham, Hutchings. Modern China; A Guide to a Century of Change. Cambridge: Harvard University Press,2001 Robert E., Gamer. Understanding Contemporary China. Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, 1999 Population Control in China Essay -- Essayas Papers Population Control in China â€Å"Vigilantes abduct pregnant women on the streets and haul them off, sometimes handcuffed or trussed, to abortion clinics. [Some] aborted babies cry when they are born (Steven Mosher).† This quotation shows one method how China tries to carry through its population control in a manner which is very cruel and against human rights. We, Western people, do not understand why China needs a population control and why this control has to be carried out so harshly. But why had China to control its population? From 1949 on, Mao Zedong feared war with the United States or the Soviet Union. â€Å"China’s millions [of people] were the country’s primary weapon against technologically superior enemies.† The Chinese population grew explosively, with a growth rate of more than 2% per year until 1970. Deng Xiaoping saw the problem in the population explosion and invented the one-child family in 1979. 1981 the one-child policy was introduced nationwide. This policy was effective in the cities, but in the rural areas the goal of minimizing population growth was unsuccessful. But why did the one-child policy work in cities and not in rural areas? The problem in China is the desire for having a male descendant. Every Chinese family wants to have one boy to continue their family name. In rural families the desire for sons is even higher because boys have more workforce than girls, and rural families needed the workforce for maintaining their farms. Because of the urge to have a son, many baby girls were killed or given to orphanages after they were born. In the mid 80s infanticide of girls was so high that the government loosened its one-child policy a little bit for rural families. According to the new policy, rural famili... ...ingly to the Chinese Prime Minister Zhu Rongji (1999), â€Å"China will continue to enforce its effective family planning policy in the new century in order to create a favorable environment for further development.† The one-child policy will probably be carried out until 2050. Bibliography: Xiaokang, Su; Xue, Yuan. â€Å"The humanitarian and technical dilemmas of population control in China.† Journal of International Affairs, Winter 96 http://www.indiana.edu/~easc/pages/easc/curriculum/china/1995/geography/lessoon6/rl.htm http://www.pop.org/china http://www.geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa092799.htm?once=true& http://www.hhs.se/EIJS/anomaly/COneKid.htm Graham, Hutchings. Modern China; A Guide to a Century of Change. Cambridge: Harvard University Press,2001 Robert E., Gamer. Understanding Contemporary China. Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, 1999

Discourse Analysis Essay

Discourse analysis (DA), or discourse studies, is a general term for a number of approaches to analyzing written, vocal, or sign language use or any significant semiotic event. The objects of discourse analysis — discourse, writing, conversation, communicative event, etc. — are variously defined in terms of coherent sequences of sentences, propositions, speech acts or turns-at-talk. Contrary to much of traditional linguistics, discourse analysts not only study language use ‘beyond the sentence boundary’, but also prefer to analyze ‘naturally occurring’ language use, and not invented examples. Text linguistics is related. The essential difference between discourse analysis and text linguistics is that it aims at revealing socio-psychological characteristics of a person/persons rather than text structure.[1] Discourse analysis has been taken up in a variety of social science disciplines, including linguistics, sociology, anthropology, social work, cognitive psychology, social psychology, international relations, human geography, communication studies, and translation studies, each of which is subject to its own assumptions, dimensions of analysis, and methodologies. Topics of interest Topics of discourse analysis include: * The various levels or dimensions of discourse, such as sounds (intonation, etc.), gestures, syntax, the lexicon, style, rhetoric, meanings, speech acts, moves, strategies, turnsand other aspects of interaction * Genres of discourse (various types of discourse in politics, the media, education, science, business, etc.) * The relations between discourse and the emergence of syntactic structure * The relations between text (discourse) and context * The relations between discourse and power * The relations between discourse and interaction * The relations between discourse and cognition and memory Discourse Analysis Deborah Tannen Discourse analysis is sometimes defined as the analysis of language ‘beyond the sentence’. This contrasts with types of analysis more typical of modern linguistics, which are chiefly concerned with the study of grammar: the study of smaller bits of language, such as sounds (phonetics and phonology), parts of words (morphology), meaning (semantics), and the order of words in sentences (syntax). Discourse analysts study larger chunks of language as they flow together. Some discourse analysts consider the larger discourse context in order to understand how it affects the meaning of the sentence. For example, Charles Fillmore points out that two sentences taken together as a single discourse can have meanings different from each one taken separately. To illustrate, he asks you to imagine two independent signs at a swimming pool: â€Å"Please use the toilet, not the pool,† says one. The other announces, â€Å"Pool for members only.† If you regard each sign independently, they seem quite reasonable. But taking them together as a single discourse makes you go back and revise your interpretation of the first sentence after you’ve read the second. Discourse and Frames ‘Reframing’ is a way to talk about going back and re-interpreting the meaning of the first sentence. Frame analysis is a type of discourse analysis that asks, What activity are speakers engaged in when they say this? What do they think they are doing by talking in this way at this time? Consider how hard it is to make sense of what you are hearing or reading if you don’t know who’s talking or what the general topic is. When you read a newspaper, you need to know whether you are reading a news story, an editorial, or an advertisement in order to properly interpret the text you are reading. Years ago, when Orson Welles’ radio play â€Å"The War of the Worlds† was broadcast, some listeners who tuned in late panicked, thinking they were hearing the actual end of the world. They mistook the frame for news instead of drama. Turn-taking Conversation is an enterprise in which one person speaks, and another listens. Discourse analysts who study conversation note that speakers have systems for determining when one person’s turn is over and the next person’s turn begins. This exchange of turns or ‘floors’ is signaled by such linguistic means as intonation, pausing, and phrasing. Some people await a clear pause before beginning to speak, but others assume that ‘winding down’ is an invitation to someone else to take the floor. When speakers have different assumptions about how turn exchanges are signaled, they may inadvertently interrupt or feel interrupted. On the other hand, speakers also frequently take the floor even though they know the other speaker has not invited them to do so. Listenership too may be signaled in different ways. Some people expect frequent nodding as well as listener feedback such as ‘mhm’, ‘uhuh’, and ‘yeah’. Less of this than you expect can create the impression that someone is not listening; more than you expect can give the impression that you are being rushed along. For some, eye contact is expected nearly continually; for others, it should only be intermittent. The type of listener response you get can change how you speak: If someone seems uninterested or uncomprehending (whether or not they truly are), you may slow down, repeat, or overexplain, giving the impression you are ‘talking down.’ Frederick Erickson has shown that this can occur in conversations between black and white speakers, because of different habits with regard to showing listenership. Discourse Markers ‘Discourse markers’ is the term linguists give to the little words like ‘well’, ‘oh’, ‘but’, and ‘and’ that break our speech up into parts and show the relation between parts. ‘Oh’ prepares the hearer for a surprising or just-remembered item, and ‘but’ indicates that sentence to follow is in opposition to the one before. However, these markers don’t necessarily mean what the dictionary says they mean. Some people use ‘and’ just to start a new thought, and some people put ‘but’ at the end of their sentences, as a way of trailing off gently. Realizing that these words can function as discourse markers is important to prevent the frustration that can be experienced if you expect every word to have its dictionary meaning every time it’s used. Speech Acts Speech act analysis asks not what form the utterance takes but what it does. Saying â€Å"I now pronounce you man and wife† enacts a marriage. Studying speech acts such as complimenting allows discourse analysts to ask what counts as a compliment, who gives compliments to whom, and what other function they can serve. For example, linguists have observed that women are more likely both to give compliments and to get them. There are also cultural differences; in India, politeness requires that if someone compliments one of your possessions, you should offer to give the item as a gift, so complimenting can be a way of asking for things. An Indian woman who had just met her son’s American wife was shocked to hear her new daughter-in-law praise her beautiful saris. She commented, â€Å"What kind of girl did he marry? She wants everything!† By comparing how people in different cultures use language, discourse analysts hope to make a contribution to improving cross-cult ural understanding. How to do a discourse analysis The first point to note is that in order to do a discourse analysis you need to have read a handful yourself first. By reading published articles that use the method, you will have a better understanding of (1) how to do an analysis and (2) some of the theoretical orientations that you will need to know to do your own analysis. Having identified a theory and a chosen item (text or recorded conversation) to analyse, you need to transcribe it in one of the accepted/published ways. The transcript must always appear in the appendices. There are many different forms of discourse analysis, so here we will focus on thematic analysis as an example. What is thematic analysis? Thematic analysis is about trying to identify meaningful categories or themes in a body of data. By looking at the text, the researcher asks whether a number of recurring themes can be abstracted about what is being said. For example, on one level you might find an inconsistency, an attempt to assign blame, an attempt to cite others to support one’s views, a regular interruption of other people, an attempt to make one’s account of some event sound more authentic, and so on. On another level, you might idenitify a regulalry occurring attribution of blame or the repeated reference to some specific cause of an event. The reference might take slightly different forms but refers to the same cause. An example might be football fans blaming various aspects of a player’s motivation for the failure of their team (e.g., â€Å"he gets so much money, doesn’t need to try†, â€Å"he looked as though he wasn’t bothered†, â€Å"he didn’t want the ball†, and so on). In the results section of the report, the themes abstracted are collated and reported on. In doing so, it is usual to cite from the transcription examples of the points you are trying to make. A summary of the findings can be offered but also a critique of the author’s own interpretations – this refers to the concept of ‘reflexivity’, that the author’s is only one interpretation of the text.

Testing Your Perl Installation

Testing Your Perl Installation In order to test our fresh installation of Perl, well need a simple Perl program. The first thing most new programmers learn is how to make the script say Hello World. Lets look at a simple Perl script that does just that. #!/usr/bin/perl print Hello World.\n; The first line is there to tell the computer where the Perl interpreter is located. Perl is an interpreted language, which means that rather than compiling our programs, we use the Perl interpreter to run them. This first line is usually #!/usr/bin/perl or #!/usr/local/bin/perl, but depends on how Perl was installed on your system. The second line tells the Perl interpreter to print the words Hello World. followed by a newline (a carriage return). If our Perl installation is working correctly, then when we run the program, we should see the following output: Hello World. Testing your Perl installation is different depending on the type of system you are using, but well take a look at the two most common situations: Testing Perl on Windows  (ActivePerl)Testing Perl on *nix Systems The first thing youll want to do is make sure youve followed the  ActivePerl Installation tutorial  and installed ActivePerl and the Perl Package Manager on your machine. Next, create a folder on your C: drive to store your scripts in for the sake of the tutorial, well call this folder  perlscripts. Copy the Hello World program into C:\perlscripts\ and make sure the filename is  hello.pl. Getting a Windows Command Prompt Now we need to get to a Windows command prompt. Do this by clicking on the  Start  menu and selecting the item  Run.... This will pop up the run screen that contains the  Open:  line. From here, just type  cmd  into the  Open:  field and press the  Enter  key. This will open (yet another) window which is our Windows command prompt. You should see something like this: Microsoft Windows XP [Version 5.1.2600] (C) Copyright 1985-2001 Microsoft Corp. C:\Documents and Settings\perlguide\Desktop We need to change to the directory (cd) that contains our Perl scripts by typing in the following command: cd c:\perlscripts That should make our prompt reflect the change in the path like so: C:\perlscripts Now that were in the same directory as the script, we can run it simply by typing its name at the command prompt: hello.pl If Perl is installed and running correctly, it should output the phrase Hello World., and then return you to the Windows command prompt. An alternate method of testing your Perl installation is by running the interpreter itself with the  -v  flag: perl -v If the Perl interpreter is working correctly, this should output quite a bit of information, including the current version of Perl you are running. Testing Your Installation If you are using a school or work Unix / Linux server, chances are Perl is already installed and running when in doubt, just ask your system administrator or technical staff. There are a few ways we can test our installation, but first, you will need to complete two preliminary steps.​ First, you must copy your Hello World program to your home directory. This is usually accomplished via FTP.   Once your script has been copied to your server, you will need to get to a  shell prompt  on the machine, usually via SSH. When you have reached the command prompt, you can change into your  home  directory by typing the following command: cd ~ Once there, testing your Perl installation is very similar to testing on a windows system with one extra step. In order to  execute  the program, you must first tell the operating system that the file is OK to execute. This is done by setting the permissions on the script so that anyone can execute it. You can do this by using the  chmod  command: chmod 755 hello.pl Once youve set the permissions, you can then execute the script by simply typing its name. hello.pl If that doesnt work, you might not have your home directory in your current path. As long as you are in the same directory as the script, you can tell the operating system to run the program (in the current directory) like so: ./hello.pl If Perl is installed and running correctly, it should output the phrase Hello World., and then return you to the Windows command prompt. An alternate method of testing your Perl installation is by running the interpreter itself with the  -v  flag: perl -v If the Perl interpreter is working correctly, this should output quite a bit of information, including the current version of Perl you are running.

Free Essays on The Ending Of The Scarlet Letter

Life was simple and pure for Hester Prynne. After the death of her lover, nothing in the world can mase her angry and anxious easily. She looked white and cold. She kept a proper distance to the world. She lost Dimmesdale twenty years ago. He was the only lover for her in those black days. Now she realized that there were more things lovely in the world. She appreciated the blue sky, the colorful flowers, and the small cottage she lived in. Fortunately, time did not leave any trace on her. Her smooth skin, shinning eyes, soft hair and slim shape made her age a mystery in the town. She was still elegant. She was ready to help others in trouble, though they never gave her a smile. The magic of time had an effect on her girl. Pearl was no longer an innocent and vulnerable baby in her arm. She was twenty years old now. Her beauty made her shinning as a real pearl. She loved smiling to anyone in the town, though no one would respond to her. When she grown up and really understood something in the world, she found she was special in the town. She had no friends, no relatives even no father. Her family was the ignorant group in the town. Everything changed when Pearl met a young man in another town. He was the first person who gave her a smile as a return. Suddenly, she found a sense of belonging from his smile. â€Å"Why you smile at me?†, she asked him? He said, â€Å"Because your smile is like a pearl†. â€Å"Thank you for your smile,† she said. At the first time, she knew what love was. She was no longer lonely. She had mum and him. â€Å"Mum, why you don’t move here with us? We need you.† â€Å"I can’t do that. If people here can smile at me again, I will leave it. My work has not been finished.† Hester Prynne was still living in the town. Her only daughter left her alone. Time is magic .Wrinkles secretly appeared on her face. Her black hair lost their color. The only thing she still had was her shinning eyes and n... Free Essays on The Ending Of The Scarlet Letter Free Essays on The Ending Of The Scarlet Letter Life was simple and pure for Hester Prynne. After the death of her lover, nothing in the world can mase her angry and anxious easily. She looked white and cold. She kept a proper distance to the world. She lost Dimmesdale twenty years ago. He was the only lover for her in those black days. Now she realized that there were more things lovely in the world. She appreciated the blue sky, the colorful flowers, and the small cottage she lived in. Fortunately, time did not leave any trace on her. Her smooth skin, shinning eyes, soft hair and slim shape made her age a mystery in the town. She was still elegant. She was ready to help others in trouble, though they never gave her a smile. The magic of time had an effect on her girl. Pearl was no longer an innocent and vulnerable baby in her arm. She was twenty years old now. Her beauty made her shinning as a real pearl. She loved smiling to anyone in the town, though no one would respond to her. When she grown up and really understood something in the world, she found she was special in the town. She had no friends, no relatives even no father. Her family was the ignorant group in the town. Everything changed when Pearl met a young man in another town. He was the first person who gave her a smile as a return. Suddenly, she found a sense of belonging from his smile. â€Å"Why you smile at me?†, she asked him? He said, â€Å"Because your smile is like a pearl†. â€Å"Thank you for your smile,† she said. At the first time, she knew what love was. She was no longer lonely. She had mum and him. â€Å"Mum, why you don’t move here with us? We need you.† â€Å"I can’t do that. If people here can smile at me again, I will leave it. My work has not been finished.† Hester Prynne was still living in the town. Her only daughter left her alone. Time is magic .Wrinkles secretly appeared on her face. Her black hair lost their color. The only thing she still had was her shinning eyes and n...

Propaganda Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Propaganda - Research Paper Example More importantly, it is an indication of the distrust of mainstream media sources and the information (misinformation) being generated by them. This viewpoint is reflected in other contemporary scholarship on the subject. Prominent among them is Nicholas O’Shaughnessy’s work, which has spawned a new discipline in social sciences – that of Political Marketing. In his book titled Politics and Propaganda: Weapons of Mass Seduction, the author deciphers the real meaning and agenda behind political rhetoric and posturing. By studying extensively the media coverage of Iraq war and drawing suitable examples from it to support his claims, Shaughnessy illustrates how obfuscation of fact and propagation of myth are essential techniques of political marketers. And through this technique, propagandists are able to maintain the appeal of disinformation even when genuine sources of information are available in the digital medium. (Shaughnessy, 2005) Despite awareness created b y scholars such as Shaughnessy, public expressions of disagreement and distrust only account for a politically aware minority while the large majority of the population is subject to government propaganda, orchestrated and implemented by major media institutions. Indeed, the ruthlessness and brazenness with which the Bush Administration went about achieving its strategic goals can be learnt from the following quote: â€Å"The issue of whether the Pentagon was waging an orchestrated domestic propaganda campaign was first openly acknowledged in the fall of 2002. Donald Rumsfeld was asked whether the Pentagon was engaged in propagandizing through the Defense Department's Office of Strategic Influence (strategic influence is military jargon for propaganda). Military officials said they might release false news stories to the foreign press, but they had to retract that when news organizations expressed concern that the bogus stories could be picked up in the domestic press. Mocking conc erns about propaganda blowback, Rumsfeld informed the media on November 18, 2002, that he would eliminate the program in name only. (Goodman & Goodman, 2004, p.253) One might wonder why such a nexus between apparently two different kinds of institutions should exist and what benefits would its leaders attain in the process. There are a handful of sociological and political economic theories of news production that attempt to answer this most pressing question of modern democratic societies. One of the major contributions to the subject of government-media propaganda is made by Noam Chomsky and Edward Herman. Their seminal work titled Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of Mass Media is perhaps the most illuminating work on this subject, alongside Ben H. Bagdikian's another path-breaking work 'Media Monopoly'. In Manufacturing Consent, Chomsky and Herman layout a template for how propaganda works. This they called the Propaganda Model. In it they identify a set of five key f actors that contribute to the functioning of propaganda machinery. These are: 1. Ownership of the medium 2. Medium's funding sources 3. Sourcing 4. Flak and 5. Anti-Communist Ideology. (Mcchesney, 1989, p.36) It should be remembered that during the time of the book's publication, Soviet Union was still in existence and Anti-Communist ideology comprised the dominant American foreign policy paradigm. In the context of the

Claims and reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Claims and reflection - Essay Example My analysis majors on citizenship and identity in a European context. A lot of arguments concerning this area led to the development of the law pertaining to the freedom of movement of people within the Union. This will allow the citizens from other member states have equal rights and treatment as the domestic citizens. As I was writing my essay on what should be contained in EU and UK Bill of Rights, at first I thought that it may be a difficult paper to write since we have no written Constitution in the country, hence, it may be difficult finding a basis for my paper. UK being one of the world’s democracy without a written constitution, this does not mean one cannot find any documented rules and regulations in use by the British government and which is supreme over ordinary law in comparison to, I got some information from this website http://www.yourrights.org.uk/yourrights/rights-of-immigrants/european-union-nationalisits-and-european-union-assiations-agreements/difference s-of-approach-between-eu-and-uk-law.shtml. I found the information concerning the critical understanding of the interactions between UK and EU law’ in MLO1. It’s clear that the British legal system has laws that are a combination of statute law and the principles of the common law that are developed by the courts. It is based on the constitutional principles of Parliamentary sovereignty and the Rule of Law, compared to the EU whose laws are written in a Constitution. As I found in the website http://www.wlv.ac.uk/lib/PDF/Oxford%20Ver4%20July10%20HB.pdf, the British legal system is based on the idea of outstanding rights that